Female Depression Study Insights
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of the article?

  • The prevalence of depression in women compared to men.
  • The relationship between childhood abuse and depression in women.
  • The social and economic factors contributing to women's mental health.
  • The impact of hormonal contraception on mood disorders in women. (correct)

    • What is a key study mentioned in the text regarding the prevalence of depression in women?

  • Toffoletto et al (2014)
  • Skovland et al (2016) (correct)
  • The Danish Sex Register
  • None of the above

    • What are the two female sex hormones hypothesized to play a role in depressive symptoms?

  • Estrogen and progesterone (correct)
  • Testosterone and estrogen
  • Progesterone and testosterone
  • None of the above

    • What is the aim of the study mentioned in the article?

    <p>To investigate the effects of hormonal contraception on mood disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor mentioned in the article as potentially contributing to depression in women?

    <p>Genetic predisposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the article, how does the Danish Sex Register contribute to the research?

    <p>It provides data on the use of hormonal contraception in women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern raised regarding the relationship between hormonal contraception and mood disturbances?

    <p>The lack of conclusive evidence on the impact of hormonal contraception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects Toffoletto et al's (2014) findings?

    <p>Sex steroid hormones play a role in brain regions related to emotional processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the improvement rate after 12 weeks for participants taking Fluoxetine?

    <p>61% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At 36 weeks, what percentage of participants in the CBT group demonstrated improvement?

    <p>81% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical concern arose with participants on the placebo after 12 weeks?

    <p>It was unethical to withhold treatment any longer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reductionism in this context primarily argue against?

    <p>Biological causes of depression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation does the study highlight regarding the assumption about SSRIs and depression causes?

    <p>Understanding of cognitive contributing factors is lacking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding regarding the combination of CBT and Fluoxetine at 36 weeks?

    <p>It resulted in the highest overall improvement at 86%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option showed the highest improvement rate at the end of the study period?

    <p>Combination of CBT and Fluoxetine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What extraneous variable was suggested as a possible influence on results?

    <p>Social support from family and friends. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of employees experiencing depression are female according to the Workplace Health Report: 2022?

    <p>61% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that contributes to higher depression rates in females during puberty?

    <p>Changes in body fat percentage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the higher depression rates in women during puberty compared to men?

    <p>Girls are more likely to encounter social pressures related to emerging sexuality and identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between PMS and depression?

    <p>Some women with severe PMS symptoms may experience depression that requires treatment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central focus of the text regarding the relationship between depression and gender?

    <p>To examine the potential role of hormonal fluctuations and other factors in depression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?

    <p>A type of depression characterized by severe and disabling symptoms related to the menstrual cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do placebos have over antidepressants according to the findings?

    <p>Placebos have fewer side effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key finding of the Cipriani (2018) study regarding antidepressants?

    <p>All antidepressants were found to be more effective than placebos. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'prevalence' in terms of psychological disorders?

    <p>The percentage of a population that has a psychological disorder at a specific point in time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidepressant was identified as the least effective but best tolerated?

    <p>Prozac (fluoxetine) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Geddes et al (2003) contribute to the understanding of antidepressants?

    <p>They conducted a systematic review indicating antidepressant efficacy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about prevalence rates of mental health disorders is TRUE based on the information provided?

    <p>Prevalence rates of mental health problems are generally higher for women than for men. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable strength of drug therapies for depression?

    <p>They work faster than any psychological therapy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the statistic 'lifetime prevalence' refer to?

    <p>The percentage of a population that has ever experienced a disorder at any point in their life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of major depression in US adults?

    <p>20.6% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do brain technologies play in evaluating depression treatment?

    <p>They offer objective data to corroborate self-reports. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the impact of antidepressants on severe mood disorders?

    <p>Antidepressants are sometimes necessary before engaging in psychological therapies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between 'incidence' and 'prevalence'?

    <p>Incidence is a specific point in time measurement, while prevalence is measured over a longer period. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided information, what is a significant difference in suicide rates between men and women?

    <p>Men have a significantly higher suicide rate than women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does self-reported data face in the context of depression evaluation?

    <p>They can suffer from problems with bias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text define a 'deterministic' theory in relation to behaviour?

    <p>A theory that proposes behaviour is entirely determined by environmental factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text mentions that good empirical support for a theory should be reliable. What does this mean?

    <p>The evidence supporting the theory should be consistent across multiple studies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is a potential problem with using an emic approach to diagnosing psychological disorders across cultures?

    <p>It may lead to an inaccurate diagnosis because cultural differences can influence how people express their symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cultural factor mentioned in the content that may contribute to the difference in how depression is expressed in collectivistic societies?

    <p>Preference for emotional restraint. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence, mentioned in the content, of attributing somatic symptoms in a different culture to depression?

    <p>It can lead to misdiagnosing depression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a symptom of depression commonly experienced by Chinese individuals, according to the content?

    <p>Sadness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the aim of the study by Parker et al. (2001) mentioned in the content?

    <p>To investigate the cultural differences in the communication of depression symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Kleinman's (1986) research suggest about the universality of psychological disorders?

    <p>The symptoms of psychological disorders are culturally specific. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key takeaway from the content regarding the diagnosis of psychological disorders across cultures?

    <p>Cultural factors may influence both the expression and perception of psychological disorders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the research findings regarding the prevalence of depression in British Asians, as presented in the text?

    <p>British Asians are more likely to report somatic symptoms than cognitive symptoms of depression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Good empirical support

    Reliable evidence obtained from well-designed studies that can be replicated.

    Determinism

    The theory that behavior is influenced by external factors beyond individual control.

    Prevalence

    The proportion of a population with a specific psychological disorder at a certain time.

    Incidence

    The number of new cases of a disorder diagnosed over a specific time period.

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    Lifetime prevalence

    The proportion of individuals who have had a disorder at any point in their life.

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    Mental health statistics

    Data that provides insights into the prevalence and impact of mental health disorders.

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    Gender differences in mental health

    Men and women experience mental health issues at different rates and types.

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    Suicide rates by gender

    Statistics show higher suicide rates among men than women, especially in specific age groups.

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    Depression prevalence in women

    1 in 3 (32%) women aged 16-29 experience moderate to severe depression.

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    Poverty and Women

    Women are more likely than men to live in poverty, leading to negative outcomes.

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    Hormonal changes during puberty

    Hormones may increase girls' risk of depression but mood swings are normal.

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    Impact of puberty on depression

    Girls often develop depression earlier than boys due to earlier puberty.

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    Impact on Mental Health

    Poverty can cause low self-esteem and feelings of negativity in women.

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    Work Overload

    Many women manage home responsibilities alongside jobs, causing stress.

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    Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

    Minor symptoms like anxiety and irritability that can become severe for some.

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    Single Parenthood

    Single mothers often work multiple jobs to support their families.

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    Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

    Severe PMS symptoms disrupting daily life, may require treatment.

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    Hormonal changes in pregnancy

    Dramatic hormonal changes during pregnancy can affect mood.

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    Effects of Abuse

    Women who experience abuse are more prone to depression later in life.

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    Hormonal Influence

    Hormonal fluctuations may affect moods in women, particularly during specific periods.

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    Gender gap in depression

    The gap in depression rates between females and males may persist throughout life.

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    External factors in depression

    Conflicts, pressures, and life experiences contribute to higher depression in women.

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    Hormonal Contraception

    Use of hormonal contraception may influence mood and depressive symptoms in women.

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    Danish Sex Register Study

    A study that investigates the relationship between hormonal contraception and depression among women 15-34 years old in Denmark.

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    Etic Approach

    An approach to studying cultures using universal standards.

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    Emic Approach

    A culture-specific approach to understanding behavior and disorders.

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    Somatic Symptoms

    Physical symptoms that may express emotional or psychological distress.

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    Cultural Dimensions

    The values and behaviors that characterize a culture impacting individual expressions of distress.

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    Prevalence of Depression

    The rate at which depression occurs within specific cultural contexts.

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    Kleinman’s Findings

    Depressed Chinese patients report symptoms like boredom and pain instead of sadness.

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    Parker (2001) Study

    A study comparing depression symptoms in Chinese and Caucasian patients, highlighting cultural differences.

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    Stigma of Mental Illness

    Social disapproval that influences how symptoms are expressed in certain cultures.

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    Clinical management

    A method where patients can talk to clinicians without specific treatment.

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    Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

    A therapeutic approach focusing on changing negative thought patterns.

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    Fluoxetine

    An SSRI medication effective in treating depression.

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    Hamilton Depression Scale

    A tool used to measure severity of depression symptoms.

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    Response rates

    The percentage of participants showing improvement in a study.

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    Reductionism

    The oversimplification of complex issues to a single cause.

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    Etiology-treatment fallacy

    Assuming a treatment worked solely because the cause is believed to be biological.

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    Extraneous variables

    Uncontrolled variables that may affect study results.

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    Placebo effect in depression

    Improvement of depression symptoms from a placebo, suggesting non-drug methods may be effective.

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    Cipriani (2018) study

    A large study showing antidepressants are more effective than placebo with rigorous data collection.

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    Triangulation in research

    Using multiple methods to validate findings, improving reliability of results, like brain technology and self-reports.

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    Prozac effectiveness

    Prozac (fluoxetine) is a well-tolerated but less effective antidepressant with low drop-out rates.

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    Amitriptyline effectiveness

    Amitriptyline is highly effective for severe depression, though not the best tolerated.

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    Strengths of drug therapy

    Drug therapy increases outpatient care, reduces institutionalization, and shows quick results.

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    Psychological therapy need

    Drug therapy often precedes psychological therapy, enabling patients to engage better in later sessions.

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    Antidepressants and suicide prevention

    Many psychiatrists believe antidepressants can help prevent suicide in depressive patients.

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    Study Notes

    Abnormal Study Pack Contents

    • Topics covered include prevalence rates of disorders, biological, cognitive, and sociocultural explanations, treatments, and contrasting approaches.
    • Specific examples of studies included: Skovlund et al (2016), Parker (2001), Caspi (2001), Alloy et al (1999), Leuchter et al (2002), March et al (2007), Kuyken et al (2008), Zhang et al (2002), Brown & Harris (1978), and Swartz et al (2016).
    • Pages are referenced to aid in finding specific information within the study pack.

    What is Depression?

    • Depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness.
    • Diagnostic criteria include experiencing five or more depressive symptoms for at least two weeks, with at least one of the symptoms being depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure.
    • Symptoms can affect mood (e.g., sadness, guilt), behavior (e.g., changes in appetite, sleep), cognition (e.g., difficulty concentrating), and physical health (e.g., fatigue, nausea).

    Factors Influencing Diagnosis

    • The study pack discusses various factors that affect the accuracy, validity, and reliability of diagnosing psychological disorders, including gender, culture, and socioeconomic status.

    Help with Critical Thinking

    • The study pack includes a guide for evaluating research, using the acronym I SCREAM (internal validity, sample, culture, reliability, external validity, alternative evidence, methodology).
    • It also includes guidelines for evaluating theories using the acronym U CRAP'ED (unbiased, clearly defined variables, reductionist, applied, predictive validity, empirical support, determinist).

    Prevalence Rates and Disorders

    • Depression affects over 300 million people worldwide (approximately 4.4% of the global population), and is a significant public health concern.
    • Rates of depression vary across cultures and between genders, with women often being diagnosed at higher rates than men.
    • There are various types of disorders and their prevalence rates differ across cultures.
    • Factors like stress, environmental conditions, and social norms may affect prevalence rates.

    Key Biological Explanations: Serotonin Hypothesis

    • Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that communicate information and control various psychological functions.
    • This theory posits a link between low levels of serotonin and depression, and certain medications are used to manipulate levels of available serotonin.
    • There is research showing the link between genetic makeup and the severity of depression.
    • Not all patients respond positively to treatments.

    Key Study: Caspi (2001)

    • This study investigated a gene-environment interaction for a particular mutation in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT).
    • The results indicated that individuals with certain gene variations had increased vulnerability to depression when experiencing adverse life events, suggesting a mixed genetic and environmental impact.

    Key Study: Neale et al (2011)

    • This meta-analysis of antidepressant trials investigated the effectiveness of antidepressants versus placebo.
    • The results indicated that antidepressants may interfere with the brain's self-regulation, potentially increasing relapse risk when medication is discontinued.

    Key Study: Leuchter et al (2002)

    • This study examined brain function in depressed patients receiving either active medication or placebo.
    • It analyzed EEG data to see if it could detect differences in brain function between drug and placebo responders. The results indicated no consistent differences in brain function between these groups.

    Key Study: March et al (2007)

    • This study examined the effectiveness of antidepressant medications, specifically fluoxetine, compared to placebo and CBT alone and in combination.
    • The findings suggested that fluoxetine was more effective in the short-term but not necessarily in the long-term, and highlighted the role of individual differences in treatment responses.

    Key Study: Kuyken et al (2008)

    • This study investigated the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on depression.
    • The results showed that MBCT might be effective in reducing depressive relapse.

    Key Study: Zhang et al (2002)

    • This study evaluated the effectiveness of Chinese Taoist cognitive psychotherapy (CTCP) for treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
    • Results indicated that CTCP might be an effective approach for treating GAD, especially when combined with benzodiazepines.

    Cultural Variations in Psychological Treatments

    • This section explores how cultural factors influence the manifestation and treatment of mental disorders.
    • There are culturally specific therapies and treatments that do not rely on Western models, and are more effective for those patients rooted in their local cultures.

    Contrasting Approaches to Abnormal Psychology

    • This section explains the key differences in the biological, cognitive, and sociocultural approaches to understanding psychological disorders.
    • The study pack helps students to compare perspectives on causes and treatments for mental disorders.

    Research Methods in the Abnormal Approach

    • This section discusses various research methods used in abnormal psychology, including experiments, correlations, interviews, and questionnaires.
    • The study pack highlights the strengths and limitations of each method in terms of its ability to establish causality and generalizability
    • Researchers referenced to this section include: Joiner, Brown, & Harris, Parker, Caspi, Swartz, and others.

    Ethics in the Abnormal Approach

    • This section covers ethical considerations involved in researching and treating mental disorders, such as informed consent, potential harm, and confidentiality.
    • Ethical guidelines for research are discussed and specific examples related to individual studies are provided.

    Example Questions

    • The study pack provides sample questions in different areas of abnormal psychology that students may encounter on examinations.

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    Related Documents

    Abnormal Study Pack PDF

    Description

    Explore the insights and findings from a pivotal article on depression in women. This quiz covers key studies, hormonal influences, and the impact of hormonal contraception on mood disturbances. Test your understanding of the main issues and research highlighted in the article.

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