Feline Respiratory Diseases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common cause of upper respiratory tract disease in cats?

  • Feline leukemia virus
  • Coccidia
  • Canine parvovirus
  • Feline herpesvirus (correct)

    • Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with feline upper respiratory tract infections?

  • Pyrexia
  • Coughing
  • Chronic diarrhea (correct)
  • Ocular discharge

    • Which factor is important in constructing a differential diagnosis list for respiratory diseases?

  • Location of the clinic
  • Age and breed predisposition (correct)
  • Owner's favorite color
  • Weight of the animal

    • What are some of the common clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease in cats?

    <p>Dyspnoea and stridor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included when assessing a patient's history for respiratory diseases?

    <p>Vaccination history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of feline calicivirus infections?

    <p>Oral ulceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential welfare implication of treating respiratory diseases in pets?

    <p>Financial burden on the owner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign associated with chronic rhinitis in cats?

    <p>Sneezing and nasal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is commonly affected in Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome?

    <p>Stenotic nares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is NOT commonly associated with Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome?

    <p>Labrador Retrievers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is associated with laryngeal paralysis?

    <p>Inspiratory stridor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment method for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome?

    <p>Surgical management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of acquired laryngeal paralysis?

    <p>Trauma to the laryngeal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a clinical sign of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome?

    <p>Dysphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medical imaging technique is used to assess tracheal and nasal anatomy in dogs with suspected airway disease?

    <p>Radiographs or CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs indicates a severe case of laryngeal paralysis?

    <p>Dysphonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key diagnostic method for feline upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from oropharyngeal swabs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended treatment for feline upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Antiviral therapy for FHV-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic rhinosinusitis in cats is often secondary to which viral infections?

    <p>FHV-1 or FCV infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is commonly associated with chronic rhinosinusitis in cats?

    <p>Persistent or recurrent nasal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long may treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics be necessary for chronic rhinosinusitis?

    <p>2-6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended prevention method for feline upper respiratory infections?

    <p>Early treatment of all respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach is taken for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in cats?

    <p>Identification and avoidance of allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment to ease respiratory congestion in cats?

    <p>Nebulisation with saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of allergic rhinitis in cats?

    <p>Grass blades lodged in the nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nasal discharge is usually associated with allergic rhinitis in cats?

    <p>Serous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can support a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in cats?

    <p>Improvement after antihistamine therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is a possible sign of severe allergic rhinitis in cats that may lead to a diagnosis of allergic bronchitis or asthma?

    <p>Coughing and wheezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment method is typically used to manage allergic rhinitis in cats?

    <p>Reduce exposure to inhaled allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign indicates that a foreign body may be lodged in the nasopharynx of a cat?

    <p>Nasal discharge that is unilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored during the treatment of allergic rhinitis in cats receiving corticosteroids?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a secondary bacterial infection due to an irritant in a cat's nasal passage?

    <p>Mucopurulent discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of leukocytosis observed in haematology?

    <p>Neutrophilia with a left shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common clinical sign of lungworm infection in cats?

    <p>Harsh coughing and dyspnoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for lungworm in cats?

    <p>Fenbendazole paste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is most effective for confirming lungworm infection?

    <p>Baermann test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical clinical sign of infectious tracheobronchitis in dogs?

    <p>Hacking cough described as 'goose honk'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line treatment for kennel cough in dogs?

    <p>Most cases are self-limiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to manage a dog diagnosed with kennel cough?

    <p>Vaccination against Bordetella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is often necessary to diagnose nasopharyngeal foreign bodies?

    <p>Examination of nasopharynx under general anaesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment of kennel cough, when should antibiotics be considered?

    <p>If the cough lasts more than 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common clinical signs of nasopharyngeal polyps in cats?

    <p>Unilateral chronic nasal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is recommended for nasopharyngeal polyps?

    <p>Surgical removal of the polyp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible cause of nasopharyngeal polyps in cats?

    <p>Chronic inflammation of the middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are associated with fungal rhinitis in cats?

    <p>Chronic nasal discharge and facial swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of imaging is typically used for diagnosing nasopharyngeal polyps?

    <p>Radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After surgical removal of a nasopharyngeal polyp, what is a common post-operative outcome?

    <p>Temporary Horner's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is known to sometimes cause fungal rhinitis in cats?

    <p>Aspergillus species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Disease in Dogs, Cats, and Rabbits

    • This presentation covers respiratory diseases in dogs, cats, and rabbits
    • Topics include learning objectives, constructing a differential diagnosis, clinical presentation, common causes in cats and dogs, and treatment/prevention

    Learning Objectives

    • Construct differential diagnosis list based on clinical presentation and choose appropriate diagnostics
    • Determine appropriate medical and surgical interventions in the management/treatment of airway diseases in dogs, cats, and rabbits
    • Determine appropriate prognosis, and welfare implications of treatment options
    • Determine control measures for disease prevention

    Constructing a Differential Diagnosis: History

    • Signalment (age, breed predispositions)
    • When did it start?
    • How did it start?
    • Has it changed?
    • Has it happened before?
    • Vaccinations?
    • Recent travel/changes in management/others affected?
    • Other signs (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea)
    • Any pre-existing conditions?
    • Receiving medications?
    • Trauma or toxin ingestion?

    Constructing a Differential Diagnosis: Clinical Presentation

    Upper Respiratory Tract Disease

    • Sneezing
    • Nasal discharge
    • Stridor/stertor
    • Increased inspiratory effort
    • Facial deformity/pain
    • Altered vocalization/loss of voice

    Lower Respiratory Tract Disease

    • Coughing
    • Dyspnea or tachypnea
    • Exercise intolerance
    • Respiratory distress/cyanosis
    • Other systemic signs

    Common Causes of URT Disease in Cats

    Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

    • Usually viral, common in multi-cat households/catteries
    • Feline Herpesvirus (FHV-1/Feline rhinotracheitis virus) often associated with sneezing, ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulcers, and chronic rhinitis
    • Feline Calicivirus (FCV) often associated with oral ulceration, sneezing, nasal discharge, chronic stomatitis, gingivitis, and pneumonia (severe cases)

    Chronic Rhinosinusitis

    • Chronic inflammatory condition, typically post-viral (secondary to FHV-1 or FCV)
    • Damage to nasal turbinates reduces mucosal immunity and leads to chronic secondary infection
    • Persistent or recurrent nasal discharge (mucopurulent)
    • Sneezing
    • Nasal obstruction
    • Rule out other causes
    • Radiography
    • Rhinoscopy with biopsy for histopathology
    • Advanced imaging (CT or MRI) for sinus assessment

    Allergic Rhinitis

    • Caused by allergens (e.g., pollens, dust mites, mold, cleaning agents)
    • Less common than post-viral chronic rhinosinusitis
    • Sneezing (often intermittent)
    • Nasal discharge (typically serous/mucopurulent if secondary bacterial)
    • Pawing at nose/face
    • Conjunctivitis (frequently)
    • Cough/wheezing (severe cases, possible allergic bronchitis/feline asthma)

    Nasopharyngeal Foreign Bodies

    • Commonly long grass blades lodged in nasopharynx
    • Sneezing
    • Unilateral nasal discharge (serous, mucopurulent, or hemorrhagic)
    • Gagging, coughing, or reverse sneezing (especially if lodged in caudal nasal passages/nasopharynx)
    • Pawing at face/nose
    • Halitosis (secondary bacterial infection)
    • Open-mouthed breathing/stridor (severe cases)

    Nasopharyngeal Polyps

    • Benign pedunculated growths arising from the middle ear or nasopharynx
    • Chronic nasal discharge (unilateral)
    • Stertor, difficulty breathing, possible dysphagia
    • Otitis externa/media, vestibular signs, Horner's syndrome (if extending into middle ear)
    • Visual examination (otoscopy/rhinoscopy) and imaging (radiography)
    • Histopathological examination after excision

    Fungal Rhinitis

    • Rare in UK
    • Emerging disease in cats worldwide caused by Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Penicillium species
    • Chronic nasal discharge, epistaxis
    • Stertor
    • Facial swelling
    • Neurological signs (seizures, blindness) if CNS involvement
    • Serology (Cryptococcus spp)
    • Imaging (radiography, endoscopy, turbinate lysis often seen on CT)
    • Cytology and fungal plaque culture

    Feline Asthma (Feline Allergic Airway Disease)

    • Common lower airway inflammatory disease, allergic in origin
    • Cough (inducible on tracheal palpation)
    • Increased expiratory effort/wheeze
    • Open-mouth breathing
    • Tachypnea
    • Vomiting

    Common Causes of LRT Disease in Dogs

    Infectious Tracheobronchitis/Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (Kennel Cough)

    • High contagious viral/bacterial condition (Canine parainfluenza virus, Canine Adenovirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica)
    • Harsh, hacking cough (often described as "goose honk")
    • Nasal discharge
    • Mild lethargy/pyrexia
    • History (recent dog exposure)
    • Deep oropharyngeal swab PCR test

    Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS)

    • Anatomical abnormalities in brachycephalic breeds (e.g., English/French Bulldogs, Pugs)
    • Stenotic nares, aberrant/hypertrophied turbinates
    • Elongated/collapse soft palate
    • Narrow larynx/laryngeal hypoplasia/everted laryngeal saccules
    • Hypoplastic trachea
    • Skull base malformation
    • Snoring/noisy breath (stertor/stridor)
    • Increased respiratory effort
    • Exercise intolerance
    • Cyanosis/collapse
    • Breed predisposition, clinical examination, endoscopic evaluation, radiographs/CT
    • Surgical management (e.g., widening of narrow airways or resection)
    • Weight management/avoiding stress/heat

    Laryngeal Paralysis

    • Paralysis of arytenoid cartilages, preventing airway opening
    • Older, large-breed dogs (overrepresented in Labradors)
    • Acquired form (damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve, intra- or extra-thoracic masses).
    • Inspiratory stridor
    • Exercise intolerance
    • Coughing/dysphagia/regurgitation
    • Dysphonia or change in bark
    • Visual inspection (light anesthesia)
    • Radiographs (masses or pneumonia)
    • Neurological assessment
    • Biochemistry/hematology to rule out endocrinopathies
    • Surgical intervention(unilateral arytenoid lateralization)

    Canine Nasal Aspergillosis

    • Fungal condition, inhaled Aspergillus spores
    • Dolichocephalic breeds are predisposed
    • Chronic nasal discharge (serous, mucopurulent, or hemorrhagic)
    • Nasal pain/discomfort
    • Sneezing
    • Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
    • Ulceration/depigmentation of nares
    • CT or radiographs (nasal turbinate destruction, tissue density increased)
    • Rhinoscopy (visualizing fungal plaques in nasal cavity), cytology/culture/biopsy
    • Surgical debridement of fungal plaques, topical clotrimazole instillation (every 2 weeks until negative culture/histopathology)
    • Systemic antifungals (itraconazole/fluconazole; less effective than topical)

    Chronic Bronchitis

    • Thickening/distortion of bronchial walls, bronchiectasis, cor pulmonale
    • Tracheobronchial collapse, hyperaemia, thickening/increase in mucous
    • Lots of mucous, neutrophils in cytology
    • Decreased oxygen saturation
    • Glucocorticoids (oral/inhaled)
    • Bronchodilators (e.g., theophylline)
    • Nebulizers (saline/mucolytics)

    Aspiration Pneumonia

    • Aspiration of solid/liquid causes severe inflammatory response, alveolar damage
    • Laryngeal dysfunction/megaesophagus/iatrogenic medication/vomiting
    • Acute coughing/dyspnea, pyrexia/anorexia
    • History, clinical signs. Radiography/ultrasound
    • Supportive care (IV fluids, oxygen therapy, nutritional support)
    • Antibiotics (broad spectrum with good pulmonary penetration)

    Lungworm

    • Parasitic infection with Angiostrongylus vasorum
    • Dogs in contact with foxes, rodents that ingest snails/slugs/frogs are at high risk
    • Subclinical/non-specific(lethargy, weight loss, vomiting)
    • Pulmonary (cough, exercise intolerance, dyspnea)
    • Coagulopathy (anemia, bleeding in the CNS)
    • Cardiovascular signs (rare, possible myocarditis, heart murmurs, heart failure)
    • Radiography/diffused bronchial thickening with interstitial lung pattern
    • Endoscopy/variable and non-specific lung patterns/infiltrates
    • Diagnostic tests like AngioDetect TM, in-house Baermann's, BAL cytology, and PCR
    • Treatment with Moxidectin/imidacloprid, Milbemycin, Fenbendazole

    Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

    • Chronic and progressive interstitial lung disease
    • Older West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs)
    • Insidious onset, progression.
    • Coughing
    • Panting
    • Respiratory distress/tachypnea
    • Distinctive “Velcro crackle” on auscultation
    • Cyanosis with minimal exertion
    • Weakness/syncope
    • Possible pulmonary hypertension

    Common Causes of URT Disease in Rabbits

    • Obligate nasal breathers, URT compromise significant

    • Often termed "Snuffles", primary or secondary

    • Usually bacterial but viral and fungal causes possible

    • Dental disease, trauma, foreign bodies, neoplasia can cause URT signs

    • Pasteurella multocida – often implicated

    • Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus species, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma species

    • Can be inhaled into surrounding tissues(e.g., nasolacrimal duct, conjunctivae, eustachian tubes, middle ear, inner ear, LRT)

    Rabbits: Snuffles Clinical Signs

    • Nasal and ocular discharge
    • Snuffling, increased inspiratory respiratory rate
    • Matted fur
    • Dyspnea/open-mouth breathing (severe disease)
    • Epiphora, conjunctivitis, dacrocystitis
    • Head shaking/scratching
    • Head tilt/neurological signs
    • Non-specific signs (weight loss, lethargy)

    Rabbits: Diagnosis

    • Full nose-tail clinical examination
    • Hematology and biochemistry for general health
    • Deep nasal swab (bilateral)
    • Sedation or local anaesthesia
    • Nasolacrimal flush/biopsy of nasal mucosa
    • Radiographs (dental diseases)
    • Endoscopy (small bore rigid endoscope)
    • CT (detailed images)
    • Ultrasound (rule out cardiac disease)

    Rabbits: Treatment

    • Accurate diagnosis
    • 14 days (longer if chronic) of treatment
    • Avoid fluoroquinolones (initial line)
    • Supportive care (fluid therapy, nutrition, NSAIDs)
    • Treatment failures = consider inaccurate diagnosis/different type of bacterial disease (e.g., abscesses/granulomas)
    • Severe cases = surgery (rhinotomy/rhinostomy), flushing, and topical antibiotics

    Rabbits: Lower Respiratory Disease

    • No septa dividing lungs = generalized lung disease
    • Respiration mainly diaphragmatic = increased intra-abdominal pressure
    • Same infectious agents as URT
    • Mycoplasma species and Chlamydophila species isolated in pneumonia cases
    • Viral/mycobacterial disease rare
    • Metastatic neoplasia/cardiovascular disease/trauma
    • Dyspnea, abnormal/wheezing respiratory sounds,
    • Radiography/ultrasound.
    • Tracheal wash/BAL for suspect LRT disease

    Rabbits: Prognosis, Welfare, Prevention

    • Prognosis depends on underlying cause
    • Often advanced before presentation
    • Snuffles= very contagious, challenging to treat, guarded prognosis
    • High welfare concern
    • Strict hygiene/quarantine for new rabbits important
    • Isolating/barrier nursing of sick rabbits
    • Excellent husbandry practices essential

    Further Reading

    • Various peer-reviewed articles on the given topics, available through veterinary journals/databases

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