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Questions and Answers
What is a common feature of feline congenital glaucoma in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?
What is a common feature of feline congenital glaucoma in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?
What is associated with bilateral congenital glaucoma in a young Siamese cat?
What is associated with bilateral congenital glaucoma in a young Siamese cat?
What is the mode of inheritance of feline congenital glaucoma in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?
What is the mode of inheritance of feline congenital glaucoma in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?
At what age do elevated intraocular pressure, buphthalmos, and elongated ciliary processes occur in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?
At what age do elevated intraocular pressure, buphthalmos, and elongated ciliary processes occur in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?
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What is associated with Anterior segment dysgenesis in a report of feline congenital glaucoma?
What is associated with Anterior segment dysgenesis in a report of feline congenital glaucoma?
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What is the genetic mutation associated with feline congenital glaucoma in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?
What is the genetic mutation associated with feline congenital glaucoma in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?
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What is the primary cause of vision loss and pain in glaucoma?
What is the primary cause of vision loss and pain in glaucoma?
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What is the characteristic change in the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve in glaucoma?
What is the characteristic change in the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve in glaucoma?
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How is glaucoma categorized in terms of etiologic diagnosis?
How is glaucoma categorized in terms of etiologic diagnosis?
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What is the result of chronic, end-stage glaucoma?
What is the result of chronic, end-stage glaucoma?
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What is the term for the abnormal enlargement of the globe in glaucoma?
What is the term for the abnormal enlargement of the globe in glaucoma?
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What is the usual age range when congenital glaucoma presents in veterinary species?
What is the usual age range when congenital glaucoma presents in veterinary species?
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What is often idiopathic or related to in congenital glaucoma in veterinary species?
What is often idiopathic or related to in congenital glaucoma in veterinary species?
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What is a characteristic of anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD)?
What is a characteristic of anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD)?
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What may be present as a result of sustained elevations of intraocular pressure in congenital glaucoma?
What may be present as a result of sustained elevations of intraocular pressure in congenital glaucoma?
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What is usually elevated in congenital glaucoma?
What is usually elevated in congenital glaucoma?
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What is challenging in veterinary ophthalmology due to the variety of presentations of ASD?
What is challenging in veterinary ophthalmology due to the variety of presentations of ASD?
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What is the primary mechanism of limited aqueous humor outflow in glaucoma?
What is the primary mechanism of limited aqueous humor outflow in glaucoma?
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What is the characteristic change in the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve due to sustained increases in intraocular pressure?
What is the characteristic change in the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve due to sustained increases in intraocular pressure?
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What is the categorization of glaucoma based on the appearance of the filtration angle?
What is the categorization of glaucoma based on the appearance of the filtration angle?
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What is the consequence of chronic, end-stage glaucoma?
What is the consequence of chronic, end-stage glaucoma?
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What is the term for the pathologic changes in the eye resulting from sustained elevations of intraocular pressure?
What is the term for the pathologic changes in the eye resulting from sustained elevations of intraocular pressure?
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What is the primary reason for the sparse reports of congenital glaucoma in veterinary medicine?
What is the primary reason for the sparse reports of congenital glaucoma in veterinary medicine?
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What is the typical age range when congenital glaucoma presents in veterinary species, and what is it associated with?
What is the typical age range when congenital glaucoma presents in veterinary species, and what is it associated with?
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What is the result of in utero exposure to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, or infectious agents in relation to congenital glaucoma?
What is the result of in utero exposure to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, or infectious agents in relation to congenital glaucoma?
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What is the typical outcome of congenital glaucoma in terms of the affected eye?
What is the typical outcome of congenital glaucoma in terms of the affected eye?
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What is the relationship between intraocular pressure and the development of congenital glaucoma?
What is the relationship between intraocular pressure and the development of congenital glaucoma?
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What is the consequence of sustained elevations of intraocular pressure in congenital glaucoma?
What is the consequence of sustained elevations of intraocular pressure in congenital glaucoma?
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Study Notes
Feline Congenital Glaucoma
- Reports of domestic cats with spontaneously occurring Anterior Segment Dysgenesis (ASD) and congenital glaucoma are rare.
- Bilateral ASD, including Peter's anomaly, was associated with congenital glaucoma in one eye but not the other in a 7-month-old cat.
Corneal and Iridocorneal Abnormalities
- A young Siamese cat with bilateral congenital glaucoma had an open iridocorneal angle and ciliary cleft in both eyes.
- The cause of the glaucoma was due to the compressed corneoscleral trabecular meshwork.
Feline Neovascular Retinopathy
- Anterior segment dysgenesis associated glaucoma can present concurrently with an avascular peripheral retina, gliosis, and epiretinal neovascularization of the central retina.
- The cause of glaucoma in these cases could also be secondary to peripheral anterior synechiae and intraocular inflammation.
LTBP2 Gene Mutation
- A breeding colony of Siamese cats with an autosomal recessive and fully penetrant mode of inheritance has been associated with a point mutation in the LTBP2 gene.
- This subtype of feline congenital glaucoma is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure, buphthalmos, and elongated ciliary processes by 8 weeks of age.
Clinical Features
- Gonioscopy typically reveals an open or slightly narrowed iridocorneal angle with subtle dysplasia of the pectinate ligament.
- Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the anterior segment reveals severe narrowing of the ciliary cleft.
- Other clinical features include prominent, elongated ciliary processes, spherophakia, iris hypoplasia, and iridodonesis.
Histopathological Features
- Light microscopy reveals the presence of few intrascleral blood vessels, hypoplasia of the iris stroma and ciliary body, elongated ciliary processes, and trabecular meshwork and angular aqueous plexus hypoplasia.
- Inner retinal degeneration and optic nerve atrophy are observed in chronic cases.
Glaucoma in Dogs and Cats
- Glaucoma is a group of conditions characterized by elevated intraocular pressure due to limited aqueous humor outflow through the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathway.
- Elevated intraocular pressure leads to irreversible vision loss and pain in dogs and cats.
Characteristics of Glaucoma
- Globe enlargement (buphthalmos)
- Filtration angle recession
- Corneal opacification secondary to exposure keratitis
- Optic nerve and retinal and vitreous degeneration
Classification of Glaucoma
- Primary glaucoma
- Secondary glaucoma
- Congenital glaucoma
- Classification by gonioscopic appearance of the filtration angle:
- Open
- Closed
- Narrow iridocorneal angle
- Ciliary cleft
- Classification by stage of disease:
- Acute
- Chronic
Congenital Glaucoma
- Congenital glaucoma in veterinary species is a rare condition
- Typically presents within the first year of life
- Associated with multiple anomalies of the anterior segment (anterior segment dysgenesis [ASD])
- Causes of ASD include:
- Idiopathic factors
- Genetic mutations
- In utero exposure to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, or infectious agents
- Microscopic manifestations of ASD include:
- Ciliary and filtration angle hypoplasia
- Elongated ciliary processes
- Incomplete separation of the lens from the cornea
- Dysplastic uveal tissue that attaches to the corneal stroma (Peter's anomaly)
- Congenital glaucoma can result in:
- Unilateral or bilateral disease
- Blind or sighted affected eye
- Elevated intraocular pressure (>30 mm Hg), but may be normal or low due to buphthalmos and scleral thinning
- Vitreous degeneration, retinal degeneration, and optic nerve degeneration may be present due to sustained elevations of intraocular pressure in utero or within the perinatal period.
Glaucoma in Dogs and Cats
- Glaucoma is a group of conditions characterized by elevated intraocular pressure due to limited aqueous humor outflow through the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathway.
- Elevated intraocular pressure leads to irreversible vision loss and pain in dogs and cats.
Characteristics of Glaucoma
- Globe enlargement (buphthalmos)
- Filtration angle recession
- Corneal opacification secondary to exposure keratitis
- Optic nerve and retinal and vitreous degeneration
Classification of Glaucoma
- Primary glaucoma
- Secondary glaucoma
- Congenital glaucoma
- Classification by gonioscopic appearance of the filtration angle:
- Open
- Closed
- Narrow iridocorneal angle
- Ciliary cleft
- Classification by stage of disease:
- Acute
- Chronic
Congenital Glaucoma
- Congenital glaucoma in veterinary species is a rare condition
- Typically presents within the first year of life
- Associated with multiple anomalies of the anterior segment (anterior segment dysgenesis [ASD])
- Causes of ASD include:
- Idiopathic factors
- Genetic mutations
- In utero exposure to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, or infectious agents
- Microscopic manifestations of ASD include:
- Ciliary and filtration angle hypoplasia
- Elongated ciliary processes
- Incomplete separation of the lens from the cornea
- Dysplastic uveal tissue that attaches to the corneal stroma (Peter's anomaly)
- Congenital glaucoma can result in:
- Unilateral or bilateral disease
- Blind or sighted affected eye
- Elevated intraocular pressure (>30 mm Hg), but may be normal or low due to buphthalmos and scleral thinning
- Vitreous degeneration, retinal degeneration, and optic nerve degeneration may be present due to sustained elevations of intraocular pressure in utero or within the perinatal period.
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Description
This quiz is about a rare case of a domestic cat with spontaneously occurring Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) and congenital glaucoma. Learn about the symptoms and possible causes of this condition. Test your knowledge on feline health and anatomy.
