Feline Congenital Glaucoma and ASD
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Questions and Answers

What is a common feature of feline congenital glaucoma in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?

  • Open or slightly narrowed iridocorneal angle (correct)
  • Narrowed iridocorneal angle
  • Compressed corneoscleral trabecular meshwork
  • Peripheral anterior synechiae
  • What is associated with bilateral congenital glaucoma in a young Siamese cat?

  • Feline neovascular retinopathy
  • An avascular peripheral retina
  • Elevated intraocular pressure and buphthalmos
  • Open iridocorneal angle and ciliary cleft in both eyes (correct)
  • What is the mode of inheritance of feline congenital glaucoma in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?

  • Mitochondrial inheritance
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Autosomal recessive (correct)
  • X-linked recessive
  • At what age do elevated intraocular pressure, buphthalmos, and elongated ciliary processes occur in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?

    <p>8 weeks of age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with Anterior segment dysgenesis in a report of feline congenital glaucoma?

    <p>Gliosis and epiretinal neovascularization of the central retina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic mutation associated with feline congenital glaucoma in a breeding colony of Siamese cats?

    <p>Point mutation in the LTBP2 gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vision loss and pain in glaucoma?

    <p>Limited aqueous humor outflow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic change in the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve in glaucoma?

    <p>Irreversible damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is glaucoma categorized in terms of etiologic diagnosis?

    <p>By primary, secondary, and congenital types (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chronic, end-stage glaucoma?

    <p>Globe enlargement, filtration angle recession, corneal opacification, and optic nerve and retinal degeneration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal enlargement of the globe in glaucoma?

    <p>Buphthalmos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual age range when congenital glaucoma presents in veterinary species?

    <p>Within the first year of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often idiopathic or related to in congenital glaucoma in veterinary species?

    <p>Genetic mutations, nutritional deficiencies, or in utero exposure to toxins or infectious agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD)?

    <p>Incomplete separation of the lens from the cornea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be present as a result of sustained elevations of intraocular pressure in congenital glaucoma?

    <p>Vitreous degeneration, retinal degeneration, and optic nerve degeneration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is usually elevated in congenital glaucoma?

    <p>Intraocular pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is challenging in veterinary ophthalmology due to the variety of presentations of ASD?

    <p>Clinical classification and description of ASD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of limited aqueous humor outflow in glaucoma?

    <p>Blocked trabecular meshwork (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic change in the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve due to sustained increases in intraocular pressure?

    <p>Irreversible degeneration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the categorization of glaucoma based on the appearance of the filtration angle?

    <p>Open, closed, or narrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of chronic, end-stage glaucoma?

    <p>Irreversible vision loss and pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pathologic changes in the eye resulting from sustained elevations of intraocular pressure?

    <p>Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the sparse reports of congenital glaucoma in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Its low frequency of occurrence in companion animal species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range when congenital glaucoma presents in veterinary species, and what is it associated with?

    <p>Within the first year of life, and with multiple anomalies of the anterior segment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of in utero exposure to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, or infectious agents in relation to congenital glaucoma?

    <p>It causes the development of anterior segment dysgenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of congenital glaucoma in terms of the affected eye?

    <p>The affected eye may be either blind or sighted (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between intraocular pressure and the development of congenital glaucoma?

    <p>Intraocular pressure is usually elevated, but may be normal or low in some cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of sustained elevations of intraocular pressure in congenital glaucoma?

    <p>It results in vitreous degeneration, retinal degeneration, and optic nerve degeneration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Feline Congenital Glaucoma

    A rare condition in cats characterized by abnormally high pressure inside the eye, present at birth.

    Anterior Segment Dysgenesis (ASD)

    An abnormality in the front part of the eye causing congenital glaucoma.

    Congenital Glaucoma

    Glaucoma present from birth.

    Peter's Anomaly

    A type of anterior segment dysgenesis where uveal tissue abnormally attaches to the cornea.

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    Elevated Intraocular Pressure

    High pressure within the eye. Can lead to damage.

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    Buphthalmos

    Enlarged eye due to high pressure.

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    Trabecular Meshwork

    Part of eye that controls fluid drainage.

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    Ciliary Body

    Part of the eye that produces fluid.

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    Iridocorneal Angle

    Space between iris and cornea, aqueous humor flows through.

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    Corneal Opacification

    Cloudy or opaque cornea, obscuring vision.

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    Secondary Glaucoma

    Glaucoma caused by another eye condition.

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    Primary Glaucoma

    Glaucoma with no other known cause.

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    Chronic Glaucoma

    Glaucoma developing gradually.

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    Acute Glaucoma

    Glaucoma developing suddenly.

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    Aqueous Humor

    Fluid in the front of the eye.

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    LTBP2 Gene Mutation

    Genetic change in a gene associated with glaucoma.

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    Retinal Degeneration

    Damage to the light-sensitive layer of the eye, leading to vision loss.

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    Optic Nerve Atrophy

    Degeneration of the optic nerve.

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    Open Angle Glaucoma

    Narrowing of eye drainage, but not completely blocked.

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    Closed Angle Glaucoma

    Complete blockage in eye drainage.

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    Filtration Angle

    Portion of the eye where aqueous humor drains.

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    Gonioscopy

    Visual examination of the filtration angle.

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    Study Notes

    Feline Congenital Glaucoma

    • Reports of domestic cats with spontaneously occurring Anterior Segment Dysgenesis (ASD) and congenital glaucoma are rare.
    • Bilateral ASD, including Peter's anomaly, was associated with congenital glaucoma in one eye but not the other in a 7-month-old cat.

    Corneal and Iridocorneal Abnormalities

    • A young Siamese cat with bilateral congenital glaucoma had an open iridocorneal angle and ciliary cleft in both eyes.
    • The cause of the glaucoma was due to the compressed corneoscleral trabecular meshwork.

    Feline Neovascular Retinopathy

    • Anterior segment dysgenesis associated glaucoma can present concurrently with an avascular peripheral retina, gliosis, and epiretinal neovascularization of the central retina.
    • The cause of glaucoma in these cases could also be secondary to peripheral anterior synechiae and intraocular inflammation.

    LTBP2 Gene Mutation

    • A breeding colony of Siamese cats with an autosomal recessive and fully penetrant mode of inheritance has been associated with a point mutation in the LTBP2 gene.
    • This subtype of feline congenital glaucoma is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure, buphthalmos, and elongated ciliary processes by 8 weeks of age.

    Clinical Features

    • Gonioscopy typically reveals an open or slightly narrowed iridocorneal angle with subtle dysplasia of the pectinate ligament.
    • Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the anterior segment reveals severe narrowing of the ciliary cleft.
    • Other clinical features include prominent, elongated ciliary processes, spherophakia, iris hypoplasia, and iridodonesis.

    Histopathological Features

    • Light microscopy reveals the presence of few intrascleral blood vessels, hypoplasia of the iris stroma and ciliary body, elongated ciliary processes, and trabecular meshwork and angular aqueous plexus hypoplasia.
    • Inner retinal degeneration and optic nerve atrophy are observed in chronic cases.

    Glaucoma in Dogs and Cats

    • Glaucoma is a group of conditions characterized by elevated intraocular pressure due to limited aqueous humor outflow through the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathway.
    • Elevated intraocular pressure leads to irreversible vision loss and pain in dogs and cats.

    Characteristics of Glaucoma

    • Globe enlargement (buphthalmos)
    • Filtration angle recession
    • Corneal opacification secondary to exposure keratitis
    • Optic nerve and retinal and vitreous degeneration

    Classification of Glaucoma

    • Primary glaucoma
    • Secondary glaucoma
    • Congenital glaucoma
    • Classification by gonioscopic appearance of the filtration angle:
      • Open
      • Closed
      • Narrow iridocorneal angle
      • Ciliary cleft
    • Classification by stage of disease:
      • Acute
      • Chronic

    Congenital Glaucoma

    • Congenital glaucoma in veterinary species is a rare condition
    • Typically presents within the first year of life
    • Associated with multiple anomalies of the anterior segment (anterior segment dysgenesis [ASD])
    • Causes of ASD include:
      • Idiopathic factors
      • Genetic mutations
      • In utero exposure to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, or infectious agents
    • Microscopic manifestations of ASD include:
      • Ciliary and filtration angle hypoplasia
      • Elongated ciliary processes
      • Incomplete separation of the lens from the cornea
      • Dysplastic uveal tissue that attaches to the corneal stroma (Peter's anomaly)
    • Congenital glaucoma can result in:
      • Unilateral or bilateral disease
      • Blind or sighted affected eye
      • Elevated intraocular pressure (>30 mm Hg), but may be normal or low due to buphthalmos and scleral thinning
    • Vitreous degeneration, retinal degeneration, and optic nerve degeneration may be present due to sustained elevations of intraocular pressure in utero or within the perinatal period.

    Glaucoma in Dogs and Cats

    • Glaucoma is a group of conditions characterized by elevated intraocular pressure due to limited aqueous humor outflow through the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathway.
    • Elevated intraocular pressure leads to irreversible vision loss and pain in dogs and cats.

    Characteristics of Glaucoma

    • Globe enlargement (buphthalmos)
    • Filtration angle recession
    • Corneal opacification secondary to exposure keratitis
    • Optic nerve and retinal and vitreous degeneration

    Classification of Glaucoma

    • Primary glaucoma
    • Secondary glaucoma
    • Congenital glaucoma
    • Classification by gonioscopic appearance of the filtration angle:
      • Open
      • Closed
      • Narrow iridocorneal angle
      • Ciliary cleft
    • Classification by stage of disease:
      • Acute
      • Chronic

    Congenital Glaucoma

    • Congenital glaucoma in veterinary species is a rare condition
    • Typically presents within the first year of life
    • Associated with multiple anomalies of the anterior segment (anterior segment dysgenesis [ASD])
    • Causes of ASD include:
      • Idiopathic factors
      • Genetic mutations
      • In utero exposure to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, or infectious agents
    • Microscopic manifestations of ASD include:
      • Ciliary and filtration angle hypoplasia
      • Elongated ciliary processes
      • Incomplete separation of the lens from the cornea
      • Dysplastic uveal tissue that attaches to the corneal stroma (Peter's anomaly)
    • Congenital glaucoma can result in:
      • Unilateral or bilateral disease
      • Blind or sighted affected eye
      • Elevated intraocular pressure (>30 mm Hg), but may be normal or low due to buphthalmos and scleral thinning
    • Vitreous degeneration, retinal degeneration, and optic nerve degeneration may be present due to sustained elevations of intraocular pressure in utero or within the perinatal period.

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    Description

    This quiz is about a rare case of a domestic cat with spontaneously occurring Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) and congenital glaucoma. Learn about the symptoms and possible causes of this condition. Test your knowledge on feline health and anatomy.

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