Feed Regulations & FDA's Role

Feed Regulations

• The 1906 Food and Drug Act impacted the meat packing industry and addressed unlawful drug problems related to human tonics.
• The 1906 act regulated product labeling, prohibited the addition of ingredients that would substitute for food, conceal damage, or pose a hazard.
• It mandates accurate product weight listings and requires food or drug labels to be truthful, not misleading, and include any of 11 dangerous ingredients if present.
• The 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act authorized the FDA to oversee the safety of products.
• The 1938 regulations have been amended and published in the Code of Federal Regulations.
• The goals are to protect public safety, ensure products are safe, pure, and effective, and disclose truthful and complete product labeling and marketing.
• The FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine regulates animal feed products and collaborates with AAFCO.
• AAFCO, the American Association of Feed Control, sets quality and safety standards for pet feed.
• AAFCO is a voluntary membership association that operates at the local, state, and federal levels.
• It works to regulate the sale and distribution of animal feeds and animal drug remedies.
• AAFCO defines ingredients used in feed and develops uniform language for the industry.
• AAFCO has no regulatory authority besides the FDA.
• AAFCO's official publication lists accepted ingredients and definitions, regulations for labeling, and a model feed bill.
• The model feed bill functions as a standard feed label across states.
• AAFCO management practices involve inspecting mills to ensure product integrity and correct ratios and labeling of medicated feeds.
• A feed tag is a legal document mandated by state law.
• The feed tag serves as the primary means of communication and to direct consumer in proper use.

Feed Tag Parts

• Name includes the brand and trade name.
• Product Name must not be misleading or derived from one or more ingredients.
• Stated Purpose includes the animal, feeding situation, species, and class.
• Medicated Claim appears directly below the name with the purpose.
• Drug Name includes the name and inclusion rate.
• Guaranteed Nutrient Analysis lists phosphorus (P), fat, fiber, and minerals as a percentage by weight, with max and min requirements for calcium (Ca) and sodium chloride (NaC).
• Ingredients are listed largest to smallest with collective terms without reference to quality.
• Feeding Instructions specify the purpose, when to feed, animal weight, and how to feed.
• Precautionary Statement gives cautions or warnings from the FDA regarding prohibited species and withdrawal or expiration dates.
• Manufacturer includes the name and address.
• Item Number is not required.
• Net Weight is the guaranteed net weight.

Collective Term Categories

• Grains: corn, barely, oats, wheat, rice
• Plant protein: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, sunflower
• Animal Protein: fish meal, blood meal, MBM, whey
• Processed Grain By-Product: brewers grains, rice bran, wheat midds
• Forage: dehydrated alfalfa meal, grass hay, alfalfa hay
• Roughage: citrus pulp, cottonseed hulls, corn cobs, peanut hulls Reasons To Use Collective Terms:
• Substitution is a lower cost ingredient for least cost formulas, reduces cost with product regulations.
• Every tag is registered with a fee.
• The formula is a long/expensive research or product development will not have to disclose exact formula for others to use.
• Some states require actual ingredients.
• What Feed Tags Do Not Tell You:
• Exact ingredients/formula, nutrient digestibility, energy content, nutrient availability, nutrient bioavailability
• Non-structural CHO content cannot make inferences about quality.

Vet Feed Directive

• Medically important antibiotics are used in feed or water for food-producing animals.
• VFD eliminates use for production purposes and other therapeutic uses occur under vet.
• VFD requires a written statement issued by a vet in the course of their professional practice.
• VFD authorizes the use of the VFD drug or combination of VFD drug in or on animal feed.
• VFD authorizes the client to obtain and use animal feed with VFD drugs for treatment.
• VFD drug examples: apramycin, avilamycin, CTC, florfenicol, hygromycin

Feed Prep and Manufacturing

• Feed cost represents 50% of the cost of production for ruminants and 80% for non-ruminants.
• Developing and preparing an economical and nutritionally adequate diet increases efficiency of handling, utilization, feed and alter feed density/diet
• Grinding reduces particle size by impact, shearing, or attrition using hammer, roller, or burr mills.
• Products from grinding include chopped, cracked, mash, and meal.
• Considerations for grinding include particle separation
• The degree of fineness affects wind loss, balling up in GIT, digestive disturbances, rate of passage, and palate.
• Dry rolling/cracking changes shape/size by compressing between two smooth rollers.
• Crimping uses similar rollers with corrugated surfaces and adds no heat.
• Steam Rolling exposes air-dry grains to steam for 1-8 minutes, followed by rolling.
• Steam rolling slightly increases grain moisture, lowers starch and has higher palate/acceptance rate over grinding.
• Steam flaking exposes air-dry grains for a longer duration of 15-30 minutes then rolling to produce thin flake
• Steam flaking gelatinizes starch granules, increasing digestibility.
• Roasting heats air-dry grain to 300 F, producing puffed, slightly caramelized product
• Roasting partially gelatinizes starch and roasts soybeans.
• Popping exposes dry grain to high temps for a short time (700 F 15-30 sec).
• Popping causes moisture to steam, which gelatinizes and expands the starch.
• Micronizing heats dry grain to 200-300 F by sudden exposure to microwaves from an infrared generator.
• The sudden temp increase ruptures endosperm of seed, increasing starch utilization and is followed by rolling to reduce bulk.
• Extruding applies heat and pressure to grain using a tapered spiral screw through an orifice.
• The process creates a ribbon-like product that breaks into thin flakes, primarily used in pet or horse diets.
• Extruding is used for high-fat diets and is an expensive process.
• Pelleting compacts ground feed material through holes using a combo of heat, moisture, and pressure.

Pelleting

• Pelleting can create different diameters, lengths, and hardness and is less expensive and common at smaller mills.
• PDI measures how well a pellet holds together through handling. Advantages of Pelleting:
  • Lower dustiness, higher palate/consumption
  • Loss of fine particles during transportation
  • Lower selective eating and feed waste
  • Low storage space
  • High utilization of fibrous fraction of feedstuff
  • Adaptable to bulk/mechanized feeding
  • Better digestion (partial gelatinization of starch)
• Disadvantages of Pelleting:
  • Cost ($5-25/T)
  • Quality can vary
  • Improper procedures like cooling can cause spoilage
  • Added transportation can occur if the mill is not local
  • Diets high in fats are difficult to pellet or lower quality
  • Processing Importance includes higher efficiency of handling and utilization and alters density of feed/diet.
  • Feed manufacturing types and sizes of mills: blenders/mixers, pelleting/extruding, toll milling, medicated/unmedicated.
  • Manufacturing process includes incoming ingredient, formulation/tags and mixing. Incoming Ingredients Requires:
  • Sourcing
  • Quality Control
  • Retained Samples
  • Rail road/truck, local vs. shipped
• Mixing includes records/retained samples. Packaging: Lot Codes
  • Tag
  • Bag Materials (poly, paper, lined, clay-coated)
  • Inventory/Storage Rotation Retail Inventory/Storage Rotation On-Farm/Home Inventory/Storage Rotation

Companion Animal Nutrition

• All companion animals are monogastrics where digestive absorption occurs in SI, water is absorbed in LI, and considered meat-eaters
• Canine Nutrition: more omnivore and sweet preference evolved from grey wolf.
• Genetics are highly variable in canines.

Canine Anatomy

• Canines have 10,000x better smell than humans.
• Canine teeth: 42 teeth designed for cutting, tearing, and grinding with more molars/pre-molars than cats.
• They have fewer taste buds than humans, less salivary amylase, an expandable stomach, and higher stomach pH.
• Canine transit time 12-30 hours and bacterial fermentation in LI.
• Water needs to be available at all times.
• Free water is present in food (semi=30%, canned=75%)
• They receive 25% of water from food.
• Decreased water intake is caused by water quality temperature, while intake is caused by health conditions.
• Lactation, hot temp, over exertion causes a 2-4x increase in water intake.
• Energy source is from protein and fats.
• Working/lactating dogs require 2-3x more food.
• Small dogs have higher energy requirements per unit of body weight.
• Breed, temperature, body condition, environment, exercise, and stress affect energy needs.

Protein

• Donate C chains into glucose and provides essential AA. Fats:
  • Carrier for fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK) and cell structure function
  • Source of essential fatty acids
  • Omega 3 deficiency results in vision problems
  • Has requirement for glucose
  • 65-70% of dietary CHO is utilized and requires proper processing.
  • Fibrous CHO supports GIT mobility and provides energy: high fiber diets have more stool and give feeling of fullness.
• Minerals, such as Ca/P, used for strong bones and teeth.
• Ca is also used for muscle contraction, cell signaling, and nerve impulse.
• Vitamin A deficiency causes impairs motor and vision and skin lesions.
• Vitamin E deficiency skeletal muscle breakdown.
• Vitamin D regulates C/P: too much causes kidney failure or death.
  • Puppies require 2x cal/Ib body weight as adults.
  • Senior animals needs reduces by 20% .
  • Lactation needs increase more if there are a larger number of pups.

Considerations

• Feed according to recommendations and do not make change abruptly.
  • Unique Considerations
    • Breeds reduced copper in diet.
    • Dalmations- UT stones, higher water requirement
    • Great Danes- maintain Ca/P ratio Working Dogs:
  • Consumes high fat diets to meet energy needs.

Feline Nutrition

• More carnivorous, prefers bitter flavors/ preformed VA
• Most are solitary hunters and eat small prey
• Should not be fed dog food.
• Have different tastes if they ate different foods.
• Need requires less food than dogs.

Feline Anatomy

• 30 teeth- only for cutting and tearing (no sideways jaw movement)
• Fewer non-functional sugar taste receptors
• Carb are digested in pancreas
• Stomach is more acidic
• Transit time in the intestine is 12-24 hours and digest protein/fats in SI.
• Unable to down-regulate protein digesting enzymes need a protein-rich diet.
• Bacterial fermentation takes place in LI: water concentration Obligate carnivores: Must have meat in diet. Nutrients
• Protein: major energy source.
• Carnivores diet is high in suffer high.
• Fats has health skin a rep function and only comes from from animal fats.
• Carbs 30-40% of CHO are ingested. Vitamins Vit A must have preformed vit A. Minerals Hyperthyrodism lowers Ca in kittens and young adults due to a meat diet Urolith increase water to dilute urine. influences intake Increase need for Fiber.

Age And Health

• Supplement starting at 2.5-4 weeks and weight loss.
• Essential for growth providing phytonutrients.
• Over 54% of US animals