Federalism in U.S. History
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Questions and Answers

What was the outcome of the court ruling related to the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990?

  • It was upheld.
  • It was amended.
  • It was struck down. (correct)
  • It was expanded.

    • What is one significant benefit of cooperative federalism?

  • It supports uniformity in public services across states. (correct)
  • It dissolves the need for federal standards.
  • It guarantees identical funding across all states.
  • It encourages states to reduce regulatory standards.

    • The creation of the Department of Homeland Security increased state power in disaster response.

    False

    What political climate led to the emergence of cooperative federalism?

    <p>The challenges of the 1930s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    New federalism argues that a one-size-fits-all approach is suitable for all states.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Affordable Care Act was enacted during the administration of _______.

    <p>Barack Obama</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem of collective action in the context of federalism?

    <p>States are dissuaded from raising regulatory standards for fear of being disadvantaged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cooperative federalism, federal assistance is necessary to maintain programs that generate positive _____ such as environmental regulations.

    <p>externalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the federal initiatives with their corresponding time period or administration:

    <p>No Child Left Behind = George W. Bush administration Faith-Based Initiative = George W. Bush administration Affordable Care Act = Barack Obama administration Transportation Security Administration = Post-9/11 period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Cooperative Federalism = Ensures minimum federal standards New Federalism = Decentralizes power to accommodate state diversity Externalities = Impact that affects parties not directly involved in an economic transaction Collective Action Problem = A challenge faced by states when coordinating actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind new federalism?

    <p>Decentralize policies to enhance efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cooperative federalism was a response to the problems of the Great Depression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of decentralized federalism?

    <p>Promotes competition among states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the journal 'Publius: The Journal of Federalism'?

    <p>The practical and theoretical study of federalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key event in American history influenced a shift back to greater federal power after a period of decentralization?

    <p>The 9/11 attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    State and local authorities are generally less capable than federal agencies at understanding public needs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of new federalism during Nixon and Reagan's administrations?

    <p>Decentralization of policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The devolution revolution was fully successful in returning authority to the states without any opposition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legislative act did President Reagan use to consolidate federal grant programs and give states greater discretion?

    <p>Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During general revenue sharing, funds were distributed to state and local governments with __________ restrictions on spending.

    <p>minimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>General Revenue Sharing = Funds distributed with minimal restrictions New Federalism = Decentralization of policies Devolution Revolution = Returning authority to states Aid to Families With Dependent Children = A New Deal-era program opposed for devolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which administration terminated general revenue sharing?

    <p>Ronald Reagan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Supreme Court rulings during the new federalism era expanded the power of the national government.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two major programs that Reagan attempted to devolve to the states?

    <p>Aid to Families With Dependent Children and food stamps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred after Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation?

    <p>It freed all enslaved people in the rebellious states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The defeat of the South during the Civil War increased the power of state governments over the national government.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two amendments were former Confederate states required to ratify for readmission into the Union?

    <p>Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of national __________ was introduced during the period between 1819 and the 1860s.

    <p>supremacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Supreme Court cases with their significance:

    <p>McCulloch v. Maryland = Established federal supremacy over state laws Gibbons v. Ogden = Clarified the federal government's regulation of interstate commerce Emancipation Proclamation = Freed enslaved individuals in rebellious states Supreme Court rulings in the late 1800s = Blocked jurisdictional overreach by state and federal governments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under dual federalism, how is the authority of state and national governments characterized?

    <p>Exclusive and clearly delineated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Industrialization had no effect on the political landscape of the United States.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the federalism approach during the late 1800s?

    <p>Dual federalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose Alexander Hamilton had in establishing the Bank of the United States?

    <p>To foster economic development and circulate paper money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thomas Jefferson supported Hamilton's plan for the Bank of the United States.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two questions raised during the showdown between Maryland and the national government?

    <p>Did Congress have the authority to charter a national bank? Were states allowed to tax federal property?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conflict surrounding the charter of the Second Bank was particularly notable during the War of ______.

    <p>1812</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the key figures with their positions on the Bank of the United States:

    <p>Alexander Hamilton = Supported the creation of a national bank Thomas Jefferson = Opposed the creation of a national bank James Madison = Initially opposed but later supported the Second Bank George Washington = Reluctantly signed the legislation for the bank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the evolution of federalism in the U.S.?

    <p>It has changed over time based on historical phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The creation of the Second Bank of the United States was unanimously accepted by all states.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the Second Bank of the United States established?

    <p>1816</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main outcome of the Gibbons case in New York state courts?

    <p>It strengthened the power of the national government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sedition Act of 1798 allowed people to speak openly against the government.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the nullification crisis in the 1830s?

    <p>John Calhoun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The federal government responded to South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification by passing the ________ Bill, allowing military action.

    <p>Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical acts with their descriptions:

    <p>Sedition Act = Made it a crime to speak against the government Ordinance of Nullification = Declared federal tariff acts null and void Force Bill = Authorized military action against nullifiers Compromise Tariff Act = Lowered tariffs over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did South Carolina threaten if the federal government enforced the tariff laws?

    <p>To leave the Union.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dred Scott v. Sandford decision granted the national government authority to ban slavery in the territories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompted eleven southern states to secede from the United States?

    <p>Election of President Abraham Lincoln</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Objectives

    • Describe the evolution of federalism in the U.S.
    • Compare different federalism conceptions

    The Struggle Between National and State Power

    • The Constitution establishes a federal framework balancing decentralized and centralized governance.

    • Officials at state and national levels have maneuverability within constitutional design.

    • This has led to evolving configurations of federalism over time.

    • Alexander Hamilton, Washington's Treasury Secretary, championed a publically chartered bank.

    • Believed it was within Congress's authority.

    • Hamilton convinced Washington to sign the legislation despite Thomas Jefferson's opposition based on constitutional grounds.

    • The bank's charter expired in 1811, and Jeffersonian Republicans blocked renewal.

    • The War of 1812 spurred creation of the Second Bank of the US (1816), despite opposition from many states, who argued the national government overstepped its constitutional jurisdiction.

    McCulloch v. Maryland

    • James McCulloch, an agent for the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank, refused to pay a Maryland tax on out-of-state banks.
    • The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled Congress had the authority to charter a national bank, even though not explicitly stated in the Constitution
    • This ruling established the precedent of implied powers.
    • Also established national supremacy within lawfully exercised authority.
    • The power to tax is the power to destroy.

    Gibbons v. Ogden

    • The Supreme Court case established the federal government's authority to regulate interstate commerce in 1824.
    • Aaron Ogden held an exclusive license from New York to operate steamboat ferries.
    • Thomas Gibbons operated ferries under federal license.
    • The court ruled federal law trumped New York's license allowing for federal regulation of navigation.

    Nullification Crisis

    • High tariffs on imported goods created conflict between states and national government in the 1830s.
    • South Carolina championed nullification arguing the right to reject national laws deemed unconstitutional.
    • This culminated in Jackson's threat of military force to enforce federal tariff laws.
    • Compromise Tariff Act of 1833 averted conflict.

    Civil War Impact

    • The Civil War ended the state's right to secede and challenge national laws.
    • The war strengthened the national government's power.

    Dual Federalism (late 1870s)

    • States and national government have distinctly defined spheres of jurisdiction, like layers in a cake.
    • Several Supreme Court rulings reinforced these boundaries.
    • Economic philosophy of the time favored limited government interference in industrial development.

    Cooperative Federalism

    • The Great Depression led to cooperative efforts from the states and federal governments.
    • State and local governments have varying fiscal capacities; national intervention was necessary to provide uniform services, like education and social welfare.
    • Federal funding offset financial burdens and ensured minimum standards, like worker safety and environmental protection

    New Federalism (Nixon/Reagan)

    • Shift towards restoring states' prominence.
    • Decentralization of policies aimed to increase administrative efficiency, reduce spending, and improve outcomes.
    • General Revenue Sharing programs allowed flexibility in how states used national funds.
    • Inconsistent execution - Opposition from political groups and states.
    • The Supreme court continued to limit the national government's authority.

    Finding a Middle Ground

    • A challenge from cooperative and new federalism.
    • The optimal approach to the U.S.'s federal model is debatable.
    • Some suggest that national and state governments work better together.

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    3.2 The Evolution of American Federalism PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the evolution of federalism in the United States, examining the balance of power between national and state governments. Through key historical events and court cases, you'll compare different conceptions of federalism and understand their implications on governance.

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