51 Questions
What did Pavlov's pioneering research primarily focus on?
Basic principles of classical conditioning
What did Thorndike's Law of Effect emphasize?
The consequences of behavior
In the context of learning, what does observational learning primarily involve?
Learning through observing others' behaviors
What did the chapter outline primarily focus on?
Learning and adaptation
What type of learning does classical conditioning involve?
Associative learning
What did Ivan Pavlov initially study before becoming a renowned physiologist?
Theology
What did Pavlov observe while studying digestion in dogs?
The dogs' digestive processes
What does acquisition refer to in classical conditioning?
The period during which a response is being learned
What is the process of classical conditioning?
Pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
What becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?
The neutral stimulus (CS)
What is each pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus called in classical conditioning?
Learning trial
What is typically required during acquisition in classical conditioning to establish a strong conditioned response?
Multiple pairings of CS and UCS
What did Pavlov find regarding the speed of a tone becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?
It became a CS more rapidly with a greater amount of food
What is the key adaptive function of classical conditioning?
Alerting organisms to stimuli signaling important events
How is Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning regarded in the history of psychology?
As among the most important in the history of psychology
What is habituation?
A decrease in response strength to a repeated stimulus
How is habituation related to adaptation?
It represents adaptation to the environment
What is sensitization?
An increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus
How is sensory adaptation different from habituation?
It refers to a decreased sensory response to a continuously present stimulus
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process where an organism associates two stimuli
Which learning mechanisms are universal among humans and some occur across countless species?
Habituation and sensitization
What does cross-cultural research highlight about the impact of culture on learning?
Culture's impact on learning is not surprising as learning represents adaptation to the environment
In which species does classical conditioning occur?
Mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, sea snails, and insects
What has expanded the understanding of learning?
The resurgence of the cognitive perspective and interest in biological factors
What is the purpose of sensitization?
To increase responses to a potentially dangerous stimulus
What is the impact of culture on learning according to cross-cultural research?
Culture's impact on learning is significant
What does habituation occur across, according to the text?
From humans to dragonflies and sea snails
What type of pairing usually results in the most rapid conditioning?
Forward short-delay pairing
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?
Spontaneous recovery
What weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS?
Extinction
What is the term for the phenomenon where stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR?
Stimulus generalization
What type of pairing produces less rapid conditioning?
Simultaneous pairing
What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing, leading to fear response like in a car accident?
Intense and aversive conditioning
What is the term for the organism's response not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?
Stimulus generalization
What signals the impending arrival of the UCS?
Forward pairing
What is the term for the greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur?
Stimulus generalization
What is the term for the dog's increased likelihood to salivate to a new tone slightly different in pitch?
Generalization gradient
What requires multiple sessions due to spontaneous recovery in practical applications such as treatment of phobias?
Extinction
What is the term for the fear (UCR) becoming the CR triggered by the sight of cars or the thought of driving after a single intense UCS pairing?
Conditioned response
What percentage of air passengers experience fear when flying?
20%
What is one of the sources of fear when flying mentioned in the text?
Unusual sounds
What are traditional methods to overcome fear when flying mentioned in the text?
Drugs and hypnosis
Where is Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre located?
Montreal
What does the two-day course at DePlour Training Centre include?
Seminars on pilot training and aircraft design
What does Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde demonstrate using a model of an Airbus A330?
Aircraft design and safety measures
What is the claimed satisfaction rate of the program at DePlour Training Centre?
94%
How many people out of 500 have failed to take the 'liberty flight' after the course at DePlour Training Centre?
Four
Who else runs a similar program in the US, according to the text?
Captain Tom Bunn
What does the chapter explore in terms of learning processes?
Basic learning processes
What is considered in the study of learning, according to the text?
Observational learning and the role of cognition
How did behaviorists historically define learning?
A process of personal adaptation to the ever-changing circumstances of our lives
Study Notes
Overcoming Fear of Flying with DePlour Training Centre
- 20% of air passengers experience fear when flying, with 3% experiencing panic, causing them to avoid air travel completely
- Fear stems from various sources including media reports, unusual sounds, turbulence, and a loss of control
- Traditional methods to overcome fear include drugs, hypnosis, and self-help recordings, with limited success
- Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre in Montreal offers a two-day course to reduce fear of flying
- The course includes seminars on pilot training, aircraft design, and maintenance, as well as a flight simulator experience
- Plourde demonstrates aircraft design using a model of an Airbus A330, intentionally breaking the wing to showcase safety measures
- The program claims a 94% satisfaction rate and only four out of 500 people have failed to take the "liberty flight" after the course
- Captain Tom Bunn, who runs a similar program in the US, emphasizes the emotional anxiety of flying despite its safety
- Learning is a process that leads to a relatively enduring change in an organism's behavior or capabilities
- The chapter explores basic learning processes including habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning
- Observational learning and the role of cognition in conditioning are also considered in the study of learning
- Behaviourists historically defined learning as a process of personal adaptation to the ever-changing circumstances of our lives, focusing on how organisms learn and adapt to the environment
Overcoming Fear of Flying Quiz: Test your knowledge about fear of flying and effective training methods. Learn about Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre in Montreal and its approach to reducing fear, as well as the fundamental learning processes involved in overcoming anxiety. Explore the impact of media, unusual sounds, and loss of control on fear, and discover how observational learning and cognition play a role in conditioning.
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