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Questions and Answers
What is the initial substrate required for fatty acid synthesis?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA?
What is the role of NADPH in fatty acid synthesis?
How does citrate facilitate fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasm?
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What process leads to the formation of longer fatty acids during fatty acid synthesis?
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What is the final product of de novo lipogenesis?
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Which pathway primarily generates NADPH for fatty acid synthesis?
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Which of the following describes desaturation of fatty acids?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of NADPH in the synthesis of palmitate?
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What is the final product of the fatty acid synthesis process as described?
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How do fatty acyl-CoA desaturases modify fatty acids?
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Which enzyme is responsible for terminating the fatty acid synthesis when palmitate is recognized?
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What is the source of carbons added to the palmitate during its elongation?
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Which essential fatty acids require the introduction of double bonds beyond C9?
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What is the structure of triacylglycerols (TAGs)?
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Which metabolic pathway is closely linked to fatty acid synthesis?
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What triggers the process of lipogenesis?
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Which of the following statements about fatty acid synthesis is correct?
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What is the primary product of de novo lipogenesis in the liver?
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Which best describes the role of NADPH in fatty acid synthesis?
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What mechanism aids in the elongation and desaturation of fatty acids?
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Which of the following tissues is the most significant site for fatty acid synthesis?
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Which statement about the enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis is true?
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Which factor directly increases the regulation of fatty acid synthase activity?
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Study Notes
Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Consists of a series of 7 rounds of four reactions: condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction
- Requires 2 molecules of NADPH per round
- The synthesis is terminated by palmitoyl thioesterase (TE) recognizing the palmitoyl-S-ACP
- Final product is palmitate (16:0), a saturated fatty acid
Relationship to Glucose Metabolism
- Linked to glucose metabolism
- Glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, which is converted to Acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria
Palmitate as a Precursor
- Palmitate is the precursor for other fatty acids
- Requires NADPH and elongation occurs in both mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
- Elongation uses Malonyl CoA as a source of carbons
Essential Fatty Acids
- Cannot introduce double bonds beyond C9
- Linoleic acid (18:2 9,12) and linolenic acid (18:3 9,12,15) are essential fatty acids
- Linoleic acid is required for the synthesis of arachidonic acid
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) or Triglycerides (TG)
- Consists of 3 fatty acids esterified to a molecule of glycerol
Overview of Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Acetyl-CoA is the substrate and requires ATP and NADPH
- Acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase are the two key enzymes
- Final product is palmitate (16:0)
Acetyl CoA Source for Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm
- Acetyl CoA is transported from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm as Citrate
NADPH Source for Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Majority of NADPH comes from the pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt)
Rate-limiting Step
- Conversion of Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA by Acetyl CoA carboxylase
- This enzyme is a key target for regulation of fatty acid synthesis
Lipogenesis
- Occurs in the cytoplasm of the liver, lactating mammary gland, central nervous system, and adipose tissue
- Excess carbohydrate is converted to fatty acids in the liver
- This is referred to as de novo lipogenesis
De Novo Lipogenesis or Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Process of combining 8 two-carbon fragments (acetyl groups) to form a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid (palmitate)
- Palmitate can be further modified to produce other fatty acids
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Description
Test your knowledge on the process of fatty acid synthesis, including the key reactions involved and the final products. Explore its relationship to glucose metabolism and the importance of essential fatty acids. This quiz covers the synthesis mechanism and the role of palmitate and triacylglycerols.
