Bio Finals

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of bile in fat digestion?

To transport nutrients

To emulsify fats (correct)

To digest proteins

To store carbohydrates

What triggers the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

Food entering the stomach

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas

Chyme entering the small intestine (correct)

Bile entering the gallbladder

Which of the following is NOT a type of enzyme secreted by the pancreas?

Proteins (correct)

Amylases

Nucleases

Lipases

What role does the ileocecal sphincter play in digestion?

It controls the passage from the small to large intestine Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a blockage in the pancreatic duct have on digestion?

It prevents enzymes from reaching the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle contraction characterizes peristalsis?

Symmetrical contraction and relaxation of circular smooth muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT propelled by smooth muscle contractions during peristalsis?

Tongue Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of dysfunction in the ileocecal sphincter?

Uncontrolled passage of material to the large intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which process is utilized to transport sperm from the testicles to the urethra?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes arteries from structures that utilize peristalsis?

Arteries rely on heart pumping rather than peristalsis. Signup and view all the answers

Where are goblet cells primarily located?

Epithelial lining of small and large intestines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mucus secreted by goblet cells?

Protect tissue linings from acidic damage Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme initiates starch breakdown in the mouth?

Salivary amylase Signup and view all the answers

What role does cholecystokinin (CCK) play in digestion?

Facilitates bile release from the gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile in the small intestine?

Emulsification of lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs does not produce vitamins?

Stomach Signup and view all the answers

What crucial role do gut bacteria play in the human body?

Production of vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about bile is true?

Bile facilitates fat digestion through emulsification. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enteropeptidase in digestion?

Converts trypsinogen to trypsin Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Kupffer cells within the liver?

Destruction of bacteria and damaged erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the gallbladder to the liver?

Cystic duct Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between goblet cells and mucous cells?

Mucous cells specifically protect against acidic environments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microvilli in the small intestine?

To enhance nutrient absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for protein digestion in the small intestine?

Trypsin Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of gastrin in the stomach?

Stomach distension Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lacteals in the digestive process?

Absorb dietary fats Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is essential for activating trypsin from trypsinogen?

Enteropeptidase Signup and view all the answers

What role does hydrochloric acid (HCl) play in protein digestion?

Converts pepsinogen to pepsin Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the release of pancreatic bicarbonate into the small intestine?

Chyme entering the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which two enzymes are secreted by the pancreas for protein digestion?

Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of G cells in the stomach?

Release gastrin hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme breaks down triglycerides in the digestive process?

Gastric lipase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a vestigial organ in humans?

Appendix Signup and view all the answers

What substance is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize acidic chyme?

Bicarbonate Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when food exits the stomach?

Chyme Signup and view all the answers

Where are lacteals located?

Villi of small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycogenesis in liver metabolism?

To synthesize and store glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What is converted into urea by the liver?

Toxic ammonia Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows the liver to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Kupffer cells in the liver?

To convert hemoglobin into bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for enzymatic digestion of proteins?

Stomach Signup and view all the answers

The destruction of symbiotic bacteria due to prolonged antibiotic use primarily affects which vitamin production?

Vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows trypsinogen to become active trypsin?

Activation by enteropeptidase Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of zymogens like trypsinogen in the pancreas?

To prevent autodigestion in pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gastric hormone gastrin?

To promote gastric juice production Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is absorbed in the small intestine?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria can primarily be attributed to what process?

Natural selection under antibiotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which sphincter controls the exit of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine?

Pyloric sphincter Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme class is responsible for the breakdown of fats?

Lipase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of intestinal enzymes in digestion?

To facilitate nutrient absorption Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fat Absorption Process

Bile, produced by the liver, is critical for fat digestion and is stored in the gallbladder.
Chyme entering the small intestine triggers the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), stimulating bile release.
Bile emulsifies fats in the duodenum, breaking them into smaller droplets to aid digestion.
Lipases from the pancreas digest the emulsified fats, enabling nutrient absorption by the small intestine.

Pancreatic Function and Enzyme Pathway

The pancreas secretes essential digestive enzymes: amylases for carbohydrates, proteases for proteins, and nucleases for nucleic acids.
Digestive enzymes travel from the pancreas via the pancreatic duct to the small intestine.
Blockages in the pancreatic duct hinder enzyme delivery, impairing digestion.

Common Bile Duct and Bile Function

The common bile duct transports bile from the liver to the small intestine, but does not carry enzymes.
Bile enhances fat digestion through emulsification, although this process is mechanical, not chemical.

Ileocecal Sphincter Role

The ileocecal sphincter controls material transfer from the small to the large intestine.
Dysfunction can lead to uncontrolled movements, disrupting digestion.

Peristalsis Overview

Peristalsis involves coordinated contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle, moving contents through digestive tubes.
Esophagus, stomach, and vas deferens utilize peristalsis to propel food and sperm.

Structures Utilizing Peristalsis

Esophagus: Combines skeletal and smooth muscles for food transport via peristaltic action.
Stomach: Features a muscular wall for mixing food with gastric juice, moving it to the small intestine.
Vas deferens: Uses peristaltic contractions to transport sperm.

Exception to Peristalsis

Arteries use heart pumping, not peristalsis, to circulate blood.

Structure and Function of Goblet Cells

Goblet cells secrete mucus that protects epithelial linings from damage, particularly in acidic environments.
Primarily located in the intestines and respiratory system, aiding in the smooth passage of contents.

Enzymes and Secretions in Digestion

Salivary amylase begins starch digestion in the mouth.
Gastrin stimulates gastric juice secretion in response to food intake, aiding protein and fat digestion.
Secretin triggers bicarbonate release from the pancreas, neutralizing stomach acid.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) promotes bile and enzyme release, facilitating fat digestion.

Bile Production and Function

Bile is continuously produced by the liver, primarily for lipid emulsification in the small intestine.
Bile travels through hepatic ducts to the common bile duct, where it enters the small intestine.

Vitamin K Production

Vitamin K is synthesized by symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine, not produced by the human body.
The large intestine is crucial for vitamin production, along with water and mineral absorption.

Liver Functions Overview

The liver maintains blood via detoxification and filtering through the hepatic portal system.
It also metabolizes glucose, synthesizes plasma proteins, and produces bile necessary for digestion.

Digestion and Absorption Structures

Microvilli in the small intestine enhance nutrient absorption by increasing surface area.
Lacteals absorb dietary fats from the intestinal villi.

Effects of Prolonged Antibiotic Use

Long-term antibiotic use destroys beneficial gut bacteria, leading to decreased vitamin K production.
Antibiotics can inadvertently harm non-pathogenic bacteria, reducing microbiota diversity.

Clarification of Functions

Lacteals absorb dietary fats and do not neutralize acidic chyme; this role is performed by pancreatic bicarbonate.

Gastrin Release and Function

Gastrin is released when food enters the stomach, stimulating acid secretion and digestive enzyme release.
It plays a vital role in protein digestion by activating pepsin.

Activation of Trypsin

Trypsinogen, released by the pancreas, is activated by enteropeptidase in the small intestine to facilitate protein digestion.

Key Processes

The digestive process transitions from mechanical breakdown in the stomach to detailed enzymatic digestion in the small intestine, involving various enzymes and hormones for optimal nutrient partitioning.

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