Fascism in Italy and Germany: Origins, Power, and Impact

Fascism in Italy and Germany: Origins, Power, and Impact

Fascism emerged in Europe during the tumultuous aftermath of World War I, with Italy and Germany becoming the most prominent adherents. This politically charged philosophy emphasized national strength, authoritarianism, and the pursuit of a homogeneous, militaristic state.

Rise to Power

Benito Mussolini founded the Italian Fascist Party in 1919 and, after a successful March on Rome in 1922, assumed power as the nation's dictator. Adolf Hitler, leader of the German Nazi Party, came to power in 1933 by legal means, but his grip on Germany intensified after the Reichstag Fire Decree in 1933, allowing him to suppress opposition.

Political Ideology

Fascism is characterized by a rejection of liberalism, communism, and socialism. It fosters nationalism, militarism, economic self-sufficiency, and totalitarianism. The Nazi regime in Germany, in particular, was highly nationalistic, emphasizing a superior German Volk (people) and the necessity of ridding Germany of internal and external threats to its racial purity.

Impact on Society

In Italy, fascism transformed the country's political, social, and cultural landscape. While the impact of fascism varied among the Italian population, it brought economic hardship and a loss of basic human rights for many. Fascism also profoundly altered Italian society by creating a one-party state, extending control over all facets of life, and promoting an authoritarian cult around Mussolini.

In Germany, the Nazi regime also dramatically transformed society, promoting an Aryan supremacy, expanding the state's control through the Pact of Steel with Italy, and embarking on a campaign of military conquest that eventually led to World War II.

Blueprints and Influence

Fascist Italy's racist policies and totalitarian structure greatly influenced Nazi Germany. Nazi jurists explicitly referenced Italian fascism when establishing the legal principles of the Third Reich. The German government and legal system also adopted elements of the Italian fascist model, such as the fusion of the party with the state and the criminal code. Hitler's reliance on Italian fascism as a foundation for Nazi Germany indicates the profound impact of Italy on German fascism.

Conclusion

Fascism in Italy and Germany emerged from the political turmoil of the early 20th century. Both nations embraced extreme nationalism, militarism, and totalitarianism, seeking to shape their societies according to their ideologies. Despite their unique characteristics, Italian fascism and Nazi Germany shared a mutual influence, with Italy serving as a potent "blueprint" for Nazi policy and ideology. The impact of fascism on society in these countries was profound, shaping the course of European history for generations to come.