Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Singer, what is a critical factor that often goes unacknowledged in our moral considerations regarding global poverty?
According to Singer, what is a critical factor that often goes unacknowledged in our moral considerations regarding global poverty?
- The lack of expert observers in famine-prone areas.
- The psychological comfort of not being the only one doing nothing.
- The development of the world into a 'global village' through instant communication and swift transportation. (correct)
- The ability of affluent nations to provide aid effectively.
What does Singer suggest is a significant implication of their argument regarding famine, affluence, and morality?
What does Singer suggest is a significant implication of their argument regarding famine, affluence, and morality?
- Traditional moral categories may remain the same.
- The traditional distinction between duty and charity can be upheld.
- People should prioritize buying new clothes over donating to famine relief.
- Our traditional moral categories are disrupted, challenging the conventional boundaries between duty and charity. (correct)
What does Singer imply by referencing Thomas Aquinas in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
What does Singer imply by referencing Thomas Aquinas in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
- To align their argument with contemporary Western moral standards.
- To suggest that their conclusions, while challenging today's Western norms, align with historical and diverse ethical perspectives. (correct)
- To demonstrate the radical nature of their own claims.
- To critique Aquinas's views on property and wealth distribution.
What does Singer suggest about those declining to donate?
What does Singer suggest about those declining to donate?
What is one way Singer suggests people can support population control in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
What is one way Singer suggests people can support population control in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
According to Singer, what factor challenges the idea that we should strive to prevent starvation?
According to Singer, what factor challenges the idea that we should strive to prevent starvation?
According to Singer, what should Western societies consider when determining an acceptable level for overseas aid?
According to Singer, what should Western societies consider when determining an acceptable level for overseas aid?
What does Singer suggest is a common excuse for inactivity?
What does Singer suggest is a common excuse for inactivity?
According to J. O. Urmson, what do the imperatives of duty function to do?
According to J. O. Urmson, what do the imperatives of duty function to do?
What does Singer suggest regarding the argument that a basic moral code should not exceed the capacities of the ordinary person?
What does Singer suggest regarding the argument that a basic moral code should not exceed the capacities of the ordinary person?
If the actions of sending money to relief funds are unexpected, what assumption can be made, according to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
If the actions of sending money to relief funds are unexpected, what assumption can be made, according to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
What should each person do relative to their contribution, according to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
What should each person do relative to their contribution, according to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
According to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", what conclusion could be drawn when acting upon the principal of, preventing something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance?
According to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", what conclusion could be drawn when acting upon the principal of, preventing something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance?
What concept does Singer introduce when taking proximity and distance into account?
What concept does Singer introduce when taking proximity and distance into account?
Under what circumstances from our end would Singer's argument have no application?
Under what circumstances from our end would Singer's argument have no application?
One possibility, which has already been mentioned, is that we ought to give until we reach what level, according to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
One possibility, which has already been mentioned, is that we ought to give until we reach what level, according to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
Material goods are provided for the satisfaction of what needs, according to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
Material goods are provided for the satisfaction of what needs, according to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
What can Philosophers do as a start, according to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
What can Philosophers do as a start, according to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality"?
According to Singer, the suffering and death occurring in East Bengal in November 1971 were entirely inevitable.
According to Singer, the suffering and death occurring in East Bengal in November 1971 were entirely inevitable.
Singer suggests that the decisions and actions of human beings cannot prevent any kind of suffering.
Singer suggests that the decisions and actions of human beings cannot prevent any kind of suffering.
Singer argues that the Bengal emergency is a totally unique situation, entirely different from any other emergency in the world.
Singer argues that the Bengal emergency is a totally unique situation, entirely different from any other emergency in the world.
Singer mentions that he claims to be morally neutral in his arguments regarding the situation in Bengal.
Singer mentions that he claims to be morally neutral in his arguments regarding the situation in Bengal.
Singer argues that if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought morally to do it.
Singer argues that if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought morally to do it.
Distance from a person in need makes absolutely no difference in our moral obligation to help them.
Distance from a person in need makes absolutely no difference in our moral obligation to help them.
Singer claims that the number of people who can help in a situation significantly reduces individual obligation.
Singer claims that the number of people who can help in a situation significantly reduces individual obligation.
According to Singer, giving money to famine relief should be seen as generosity.
According to Singer, giving money to famine relief should be seen as generosity.
Singer explicitly states that philosophers should not discuss issues like famine because they require an assessment of facts outside their expertise.
Singer explicitly states that philosophers should not discuss issues like famine because they require an assessment of facts outside their expertise.
According to Singer, giving to privately run charities is the most effective way to address poverty, not directly using government aid.
According to Singer, giving to privately run charities is the most effective way to address poverty, not directly using government aid.
Singer suggests that implementing the strong version of his principle would likely result in a minor adjustment in the way we spend our money.
Singer suggests that implementing the strong version of his principle would likely result in a minor adjustment in the way we spend our money.
According to Aquinas, whatever a man has in abundance is owed, of natural right, to the poor for their sustenance.
According to Aquinas, whatever a man has in abundance is owed, of natural right, to the poor for their sustenance.
According to Singer, the moral point of view does not require society to look beyond the interests of itself whatsoever.
According to Singer, the moral point of view does not require society to look beyond the interests of itself whatsoever.
It is very difficult, and perhaps impossible, to refute the position that death by starvation is in itself bad.
It is very difficult, and perhaps impossible, to refute the position that death by starvation is in itself bad.
According to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", the moral attitudes are shaped by the rules of society.
According to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", the moral attitudes are shaped by the rules of society.
According to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", there is doubt that the consumer society has had a distorting effect on the goals and purposes of its members.
According to Singer in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", there is doubt that the consumer society has had a distorting effect on the goals and purposes of its members.
What is a key distinction Narveson draws between 'justice' and 'charity' in the context of duties?
What is a key distinction Narveson draws between 'justice' and 'charity' in the context of duties?
According to Narveson, what is the risk of characterizing Garrett Hardin's view as favoring cruelty toward the weak?
According to Narveson, what is the risk of characterizing Garrett Hardin's view as favoring cruelty toward the weak?
What is Narveson's main point when using the example of Beethoven composing symphonies instead of growing food for the starving?
What is Narveson's main point when using the example of Beethoven composing symphonies instead of growing food for the starving?
Why does Narveson suggest that imposing a 'hair shirt' ethic is negative?
Why does Narveson suggest that imposing a 'hair shirt' ethic is negative?
Narveson argues the way a thief makes money is?
Narveson argues the way a thief makes money is?
What does Narveson suggest about our efforts to help those vastly different?
What does Narveson suggest about our efforts to help those vastly different?
What point does Narveson make by referencing Mrs. Jellyby?
What point does Narveson make by referencing Mrs. Jellyby?
According to Narveson, what has directly caused substantial starvation in the twentieth century?
According to Narveson, what has directly caused substantial starvation in the twentieth century?
What can Western countries do to best remedy starvation, according to Narveson?
What can Western countries do to best remedy starvation, according to Narveson?
When is it reasonable to arrive at a general understanding that we shall be ready to help, according to Narveson?
When is it reasonable to arrive at a general understanding that we shall be ready to help, according to Narveson?
According to Narveson, justice involves actions motivated by compassion, while charity is defined by actions that must be coerced.
According to Narveson, justice involves actions motivated by compassion, while charity is defined by actions that must be coerced.
James Rachels argues that there is a fundamental moral difference between killing someone and letting someone die.
James Rachels argues that there is a fundamental moral difference between killing someone and letting someone die.
Hardin argues that feeding the hungry is genuinely charitable and should be encouraged in all types of cases.
Hardin argues that feeding the hungry is genuinely charitable and should be encouraged in all types of cases.
Principles, according to Narveson, are concrete and should always dictate policy in the real world.
Principles, according to Narveson, are concrete and should always dictate policy in the real world.
According to Narveson, starving and allowing someone to starve are considered morally distinct because starving involves an action causing death, while allowing to starve is the mere absence of action.
According to Narveson, starving and allowing someone to starve are considered morally distinct because starving involves an action causing death, while allowing to starve is the mere absence of action.
The liberty proponent insists that someone with the talents of a Beethoven does more for people by trying to save lives than by composing great music.
The liberty proponent insists that someone with the talents of a Beethoven does more for people by trying to save lives than by composing great music.
Narveson suggests that individuals have a general obligation to produce as much utility for others as possible.
Narveson suggests that individuals have a general obligation to produce as much utility for others as possible.
According to Narveson, Marxists believe that wealth is created by the prohibition of theft.
According to Narveson, Marxists believe that wealth is created by the prohibition of theft.
According to Narveson, it is always morally required to sacrifice one's own, such as for your sweet little daughter's birthday party, in order to keep a dozen strangers alive.
According to Narveson, it is always morally required to sacrifice one's own, such as for your sweet little daughter's birthday party, in order to keep a dozen strangers alive.
According to the Narveson, substantial starvation in the modern world is primarily due to failures in agriculture and a genuine scarcity of resources.
According to the Narveson, substantial starvation in the modern world is primarily due to failures in agriculture and a genuine scarcity of resources.
What foundational principle does Singer defend?
What foundational principle does Singer defend?
Why does Timmerman believe Singer's original 'Drowning Child' scenario fails to adequately support premise two of his argument?
Why does Timmerman believe Singer's original 'Drowning Child' scenario fails to adequately support premise two of his argument?
According to Timmerman, what is the crucial difference between the sacrifice in Singer's 'Drowning Child' and the sacrifices Singer expects people in affluent nations to make?
According to Timmerman, what is the crucial difference between the sacrifice in Singer's 'Drowning Child' and the sacrifices Singer expects people in affluent nations to make?
What does Timmerman suggest morality might permit Lisa to do, at least once, in the 'Drowning Children' scenario?
What does Timmerman suggest morality might permit Lisa to do, at least once, in the 'Drowning Children' scenario?
What is Timmerman's primary aim in the paper regarding Singer's 'Drowning Child' thought experiment?
What is Timmerman's primary aim in the paper regarding Singer's 'Drowning Child' thought experiment?
Even if Singer rejects the reliability of first-order normative intuitions, why can Timmerman still invoke the 'Drowning Children' scenario?
Even if Singer rejects the reliability of first-order normative intuitions, why can Timmerman still invoke the 'Drowning Children' scenario?
What is the standard demandingness objection?
What is the standard demandingness objection?
What makes people reject Premise two?
What makes people reject Premise two?
What is Timmerman's primary argument given the truth of Premises one and three and that we can have positive duties to help others?
What is Timmerman's primary argument given the truth of Premises one and three and that we can have positive duties to help others?
Singer says we are morally required to donate to aid agencies whenever we can without sacrificing anything nearly as important as the good that our donations could bring about.
Singer says we are morally required to donate to aid agencies whenever we can without sacrificing anything nearly as important as the good that our donations could bring about.
One objection to Singer's argument is that morality would be too casual if it required affluent people to donate to charity.
One objection to Singer's argument is that morality would be too casual if it required affluent people to donate to charity.
Singer's argument depends solely on premises that his readers would outright deny.
Singer's argument depends solely on premises that his readers would outright deny.
A valid objection to Singer's conclusion can be made by simply stating that it seems absurd.
A valid objection to Singer's conclusion can be made by simply stating that it seems absurd.
The 'Drowning Child' thought experiment suggests it's morally permissible to let a child drown to avoid ruining new shoes.
The 'Drowning Child' thought experiment suggests it's morally permissible to let a child drown to avoid ruining new shoes.
Many philosophers directly engage with Singer's argument, often successfully refuting his premises.
Many philosophers directly engage with Singer's argument, often successfully refuting his premises.
Singer argues that our proximity to those in need is morally irrelevant when determining our obligations to aid.
Singer argues that our proximity to those in need is morally irrelevant when determining our obligations to aid.
The notion that numbers lessen obligation suggests that the more people able to help, the more obligated each individual is to provide aid.
The notion that numbers lessen obligation suggests that the more people able to help, the more obligated each individual is to provide aid.
According to Singer, we are only required to sacrifice our brand new clothes to save a child's life.
According to Singer, we are only required to sacrifice our brand new clothes to save a child's life.
The 'Drowning Children' example provides reasons for us to assume that it's morally permissible to not prevent something awful from happening, even when there is minimal personal cost.
The 'Drowning Children' example provides reasons for us to assume that it's morally permissible to not prevent something awful from happening, even when there is minimal personal cost.
Flashcards
Suffering and Death
Suffering and Death
Suffering and death are bad, especially from lack of food, shelter, and medical care.
The Moral Principle
The Moral Principle
If it is in our power to prevent something very bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything morally significant, we ought, morally, to do it.
Moral Distance
Moral Distance
Distance should not be a factor in our moral considerations, we should help those far away as much as those near.
Obligation and Others
Obligation and Others
The fact that others are not helping does not lessen our own obligation to help
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Duty vs. Charity
Duty vs. Charity
The traditional moral categories are upset. The traditional distinction between duty and charity cannot be drawn.
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Beyond Our Society
Beyond Our Society
The moral point of view requires us to look beyond the interests of our own society.
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Starvation & the Future
Starvation & the Future
Relieving famine merely postpones starvation. If we save the Bengal refugees now, others, perhaps the children of these refugees, will face starvation in a few years' time.
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Overseas Aid
Overseas Aid
Overseas aid should be a government responsibility, and that therefore one ought not to give to privately run charities.
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Marginal Utility
Marginal Utility
We ought to give until we reach the level of marginal utility-that is, the level at which, by giving more, I would cause as much suffering to myself or my dependents as I would relieve by my gift.
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East Bengal Refugees (1971)
East Bengal Refugees (1971)
Constant poverty, a cyclone, and a civil war have turned at least nine million people into destitute refugees in East Bengal.
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Concorde Project Cost
Concorde Project Cost
Britain's share of the nonrecoverable development costs of the Anglo-French Concorde project is already in excess of £275,000,000, and on present estimates will reach £440,000,000.
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Refusal to Donate
Refusal to Donate
Refusing to make voluntary contributions prevents a certain amount of suffering without being able to point to tangible benefit.
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Property & Human Needs
Property & Human Needs
The division and appropriation of property, which proceeds from human law, must not hinder the satisfaction of man's necessity from such goods. Whatever a man has in superabundance is owed, of natural right, to the poor for their sustenance.
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Moral Risk-Taking
Moral Risk-Taking
If the stakes are an end to widespread starvation, it is worth the risk to consider other possible solutions.
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Saving Human life Priority
Saving Human life Priority
We are required to make the saving of human life from starvation a central consideration in our moral decisions.
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Duties of Justice
Duties of Justice
Duties that can be forced to do to ensure performance.
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Duties of Charity
Duties of Charity
Doing good for others motivated by love.
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The word 'starve'
The word 'starve'
Functions as a passive verb (something happens to one) and an active verb (something inflicted by one person on another).
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Feeding Hungry Today
Feeding Hungry Today
We create a much greater problem tomorrow because feeding the relatively few now will create an unmanageably large number.
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Starvation Policy
Starvation Policy
One factor to consider in policy related to starvation is whether the price of feeding them is that you must go to war.
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Killing and Letting Die
Killing and Letting Die
There is no fundamental distinction between killing and letting die.
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Killing
Killing
When you kill someone, you do an act, x, which brings it about that the person is dead when he would otherwise still be alive.
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Liberty View
Liberty View
A liberty-respecting view avoids the need to make the sort of utility comparisons essential to the utility or welfare view.
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True Charity
True Charity
Benefits motivated by love or concern.
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Hardin's Argument
Hardin's Argument
Not favoring cruelty toward the weak
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Facts & Principles
Facts & Principles
Principles may be considered just by considering possibilities; but when it comes to policy pursued in the real world, facts cannot be ignored.
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Sustainability
Sustainability
Our view sustainable in principle.
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Killing = Inducing Change
Killing = Inducing Change
To induce a change (for the worse) in his condition.
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Personal Boundaries
Personal Boundaries
Drawing a sort of line around each person, and insist that others not cross that line without the permission of the occupant.
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Value of Others
Value of Others
In stark contrast to the liberty-respecting view stands the idea that we are to count the satisfactions of others as equal in value to our own.
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Charitable Agencies
Charitable Agencies
Charitable agencies are excellent at responding quickly with needed food and medical supplies
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The Thief
The Thief
The thief expends time and energy depriving someone else, involuntarily, of what they worked to produce, rather than devoting his energies to new productive activities.
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Famine, Affluence, and Morality
Famine, Affluence, and Morality
Peter Singer's argument that we are morally obligated to donate to aid agencies whenever possible.
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Demandingness Objection
Demandingness Objection
The objection that Singer's conclusion is too demanding and unrealistic for moral agents.
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Drowning Child Experiment
Drowning Child Experiment
A thought experiment where one feels obligated to save a drowning child at a small cost to themselves.
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Negative Duty
Negative Duty
The claim that we only have a negative duty to not inflict harm on others and no positive duty to help others
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Ethical Premiss Two
Ethical Premiss Two
Ethical premiss saying we are obligated to prevent something bad from happening if we can do so without sacrificing anything nearly as important
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Standard Demandingness Objection
Standard Demandingness Objection
A dialectical move that inappropriately challenges an argument simply because its conclusion seems absurd.
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The Limit of Giving
The Limit of Giving
Sacrificing something nearly as important as a child's life, such as endangering your children's education.
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Constant Opportunity
Constant Opportunity
Each person in an affluent nation is always in a position to save the lives of people by donating some income.
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Drowning Child Defence
Drowning Child Defence
Singer believes he shows that we're morally obligated to prevent things from happening whenever we can do so.
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Peter Singer's Argument
- Peter Singer's "Famine, Affluence, and Morality" argues that affluent individuals are morally obligated to donate to aid agencies whenever possible, without sacrificing anything nearly as important as the good that donations could achieve.
- Many philosophers reject Singer's conclusion, deeming it too demanding.
- Simply rejecting the conclusion because it seems absurd is not a valid refutation.
- The standard "demandingness objection" is inappropriate because Singer's argument relies on ethical premises his readers supposedly already accept.
Singer's Premises
- Suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care are bad.
- If it is in your power to prevent something bad from happening, without sacrificing anything nearly as important, it is wrong not to do so.
- By donating to aid agencies, you can prevent suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care, without sacrificing anything nearly as important.
- Therefore, if you do not donate to aid agencies, you are doing something wrong (Singer 1972: 231–3; Singer 2009: 15–16).
Addressing Singer's Argument
- Critics must reject premise one or two if they think Singer's conclusion is too demanding.
- Rejecting premise two requires addressing Singer's "Drowning Child" thought experiment.
- Singer uses the Drowning Child experiment to demonstrate that readers are already committed to premise two.
- A dialectically appropriate demandingness objection would need to demonstrate why this isn't the case.
Drowning Child Experiment
- Walking to work, you pass a pond and see a child drowning.
- Saving the child will ruin your new shoes and suit.
- Most people would agree that they should save the child.
- The Drowning Child thought experiment can be found in The Life You Can Save.
Moral Relevance
- Proximity to those in need is not a morally relevant factor (Singer 1972: 231–2).
- The fact that millions of other affluent people aren't helping doesn't diminish one's obligation (Singer 1972: 233).
Counterintuitive Implications
- Seriously accepting premise two would dramatically alter our lives.
- After donating to save one child, more children need saving.
- You must continually cut back on unnecessary spending to donate the savings.
- This continues until you are sacrificing something nearly as important as a child's life.
- Premise two is prima facie plausible but deceptively demanding.
- It implies we are obligated to donate to aid agencies whenever we can do so without sacrificing something nearly as important as a child's life. If true, morality demands too much as moral agents. Which is intuitively not compelling.
- If we were to take premiss two seriously, our lives would be changed dramatically..
The Problem with Intuition
- People almost never find themselves in the Drowning Child situation.
- When considering obligations, they assume they haven't frequently sacrificed and won't need to in the future.
- Giving to aid organizations is different because one is always in a position to save lives by donating.
- It is unclear how morally obligated we are to spend our entire lives making repeated sacrifices.
- It is much less clear that one is morally obligated to spend one's entire life making repeated $200 sacrifices to constantly prevent children from drowning.
The Most Relevantly Analogous Case
- People universally have the intuition that we are morally obligated to rescue the child in the Drowning Child, but are not morally obligated to donate all their expendable income to aid agencies.
- Singer attempts to explain away this intuition as a mere psychological difference, a difference that results from our evolutionary history and socialization and not a moral difference (Singer 1972: 232–3; Singer 2009: 45–62).
- There is a moral difference between the sacrifice required to save the child in Drowning Child and the sacrifice Singer believes people in affluent nations are required to make in order to donate the supposed obligatory amount to aid organizations.
- Singer's Drowning Child thought experiment is under-described, making it difficult to support premise two.
Drowning Children
- Unlucky Lisa gets a call from her 24-hr bank telling her that hackers have accessed her account and are taking $200 out of it every 5 min until Lisa shows up in person to put a hold on her account
- New example: Lisa notices children drowning in newly formed ponds next to the bank.
- For each child rescued, another child will live.
- To rescue a child and stop the hackers will require rescue and the daily trips to the banks to stop it.
Lisa's Obligation
- Premise two would entail that Lisa must rescue children until almost all her money and assets are gone.
- Premise two would also forbid Lisa from rebuilding her life.
- It's plausible that morality permits Lisa to enjoy some good, like theatre, even at the cost of some children's lives.
- It makes clear that premise two is false.
Objections
- Those that believe premise two to be true and a just sacrifice, are theory-laden intuitions.
- My main goal is to demonstrate that Drowning Child does not justify premiss two in the way Singer believes it does
- Singer's goal was to argue for his conclusion without assuming the truth of impartial consequentialism, and does not sufficiently provide it (Singer 1999: 302–3).
Rejection of Premise Three
- Some philosophers reject premise three, including Fagelson (2009), Gomberg (2002), and Schmidtz (2000: 684–9).
- Moral libertarians also reject premise two, including Narveson (2003) and Pogge (2008).
- These arguments appeal to the controversial claim that we only have a negative duty not to inflict harm, not a positive duty to help.
- Even if such views about duty are true, Singer could still argue for his conclusion because affluent nations causally contribute to extreme poverty (Singer 1999; Pogge 2001; Pogge 2008).
Reliabilty
- The reliability of intuitions about first-order normative judgments, so I suspect that he too will think intuitive responses to Drowning Children carry little argumentative weight (Singer 1974: 516; Singer 2005; Singer and Lazari-Radek 2014: 67).
- I invoke Drowning Children to show that people are not committed, by their own lights, to the truth of premiss two.
- One cannot call into question the reliability of our judgments in Drowning Children without also calling into question the reliability of our judgments in Drowning Child.
Conclusion
- If my argument is successful, it should provide compelling reason to accept the following two distinct claims.
- Singer's Drowning Child case actually fails to justify the truth of premiss two by his readers' own lights.
- The intuitive pull of premiss two is more apparent than real.
- One is obligated to sacrifice $200 to save a child's life at least once, not for our lifetime, to constantly sacrifice everything comparably insignificant to a child's life. Lisa's Position should be considered when we find ourselves in it.
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