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Questions and Answers
In family systems theory, what is the significance of 'negative entropy' or 'negentropy'?
In family systems theory, what is the significance of 'negative entropy' or 'negentropy'?
- It signifies a healthy balance between being open and closed to avoid chaos and decline. (correct)
- It refers to the resistance of a system to outside feedback, leading to isolation.
- It describes a system's tendency to strive for self-preservation at the expense of individual members.
- It represents the natural process of systems breaking down and becoming more chaotic.
What does 'equifinality' suggest about understanding the causes of a specific outcome?
What does 'equifinality' suggest about understanding the causes of a specific outcome?
- Many different causes can lead to the same outcome, making it difficult to pinpoint a single cause. (correct)
- A single cause leads to multiple different outcomes, making prediction difficult.
- Outcomes are predetermined by the initial conditions of the system.
- It's possible to determine the specific cause of an outcome by analyzing the end state.
How does the concept of 'circular causality' differ from 'linear causality' in systems theory?
How does the concept of 'circular causality' differ from 'linear causality' in systems theory?
- Circular causality is found in dysfunctional systems, while linear causality is typical of healthy systems.
- Linear causality involves mutual influence, while circular causality suggests a one-directional influence.
- Linear causality assumes a direct cause-and-effect relationship, while circular causality emphasizes mutual influence. (correct)
- Circular causality suggests a one-directional influence, while linear causality involves mutual influence.
In Bateson's Cybernetic Theory, what role does 'homeostasis' play in a system?
In Bateson's Cybernetic Theory, what role does 'homeostasis' play in a system?
What is the primary goal of 'negative feedback' within a family system?
What is the primary goal of 'negative feedback' within a family system?
What is the key characteristic that distinguishes 'second-order change' from 'first-order change' in a family system?
What is the key characteristic that distinguishes 'second-order change' from 'first-order change' in a family system?
What role do 'covert rules' play within a family system?
What role do 'covert rules' play within a family system?
In the context of communication, what does the 'command' component refer to?
In the context of communication, what does the 'command' component refer to?
According to the double-bind theory, what is a critical characteristic of the relationship in which a double-bind communication occurs?
According to the double-bind theory, what is a critical characteristic of the relationship in which a double-bind communication occurs?
In family systems theory, what does it mean to say that 'all behavior makes sense in context'?
In family systems theory, what does it mean to say that 'all behavior makes sense in context'?
What is a primary difference between First Order Cybernetics and Second Order Cybernetics?
What is a primary difference between First Order Cybernetics and Second Order Cybernetics?
Which of the following is a core tenet of the postmodern perspective?
Which of the following is a core tenet of the postmodern perspective?
What is the primary focus of 'Critical Race Theory'?
What is the primary focus of 'Critical Race Theory'?
What is the goal of Socioculturally Attuned Family Therapy?
What is the goal of Socioculturally Attuned Family Therapy?
What is 'Oppression Trauma'?
What is 'Oppression Trauma'?
Flashcards
Systems Theory
Systems Theory
Families are viewed as a unified organism, addressing both internal and external challenges through systemic dynamics.
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
The idea that a system's entirety is more significant than the combination of its individual components.
Open System
Open System
Constantly interacts with its environment, allowing the continuous flow of information.
Closed System
Closed System
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Entropy
Entropy
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Negative Entropy (Negentropy)
Negative Entropy (Negentropy)
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Equifinality
Equifinality
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Equipotentiality (Multifinality)
Equipotentiality (Multifinality)
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Circular Causality
Circular Causality
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Bateson's Cybernetic Theory
Bateson's Cybernetic Theory
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Morphogenesis
Morphogenesis
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Morphostasis
Morphostasis
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Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
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Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
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Study Notes
- Families are viewed as a "whole" organism in systems theory.
- Systemic dynamics between people address both intrapsychic and intrapersonal issues.
- The whole is greater than the sum of its parts within a system.
- Systems have hierarchy, executive organization, and subsystems.
- Systems aim for self-preservation, with members working in service of the system.
- Open systems interact with their environment, allowing continuous information flow.
- Closed systems resist outside feedback, with boundaries not easily crossed.
- Entropy is the natural process of systemic breakdown and increasing chaos.
- Therapists promote negative entropy (negentropy) to avoid chaos and decline.
- Negative entropy is a healthy balance between being open and closed.
- Equifinality and equipotentiality are key concepts in multi-family therapy.
- Equifinality describes how a single end state can have many possible causes.
- Depression can be caused by neurotransmitter imbalances, crisis, or stress.
- It's impossible to determine an outcome from a cause, or vice versa.
- Equipotentiality (multi-finality) describes how a single cause can have many possible outcomes.
- Childhood trauma can lead to PTSD, depression, antisocial behaviors, or resilience.
- Circular causality is when each member affects others, mutually influencing behavior.
- Linear causality is one-directional (A causes B).
- Circular causality means elements cause each other (A ↔ B).
- Bateson's Cybernetic Theory explains how systems maintain homeostasis and self-correction.
- Systems are self-correcting and "steer" their own course.
- Homeostasis creates stability through behavioral, emotional, and interactional norms.
- Morphogenesis is how a system changes while maintaining stability, adapting its internal structure.
- Morphostasis is the system's self-correcting ability to remain stable through change, adapting internal structure.
- Cybernetic processes balance morphogenesis and morphostasis to maintain homeostasis.
- Negative feedback steers the system back to homeostasis when outside acceptable conditions.
- It corrects behavior outside homeostatic norms.
- An example is, "let's get back to normal" feedback
- If unsuccessful, a positive feedback loop may be created.
- Positive feedback resolves crises in another way, introducing new behaviors and possibly a new homeostasis.
- The initial response is negative feedback.
- If the crisis is severe enough, the system must reorganize norms.
- First-order change is when the system returns to its previous homeostasis after positive feedback.
- Roles reverse, or relationships change, but family structure and rules stay the same.
- Second-order change is when a system restructures its homeostasis due to positive feedback.
- It shifts the rules that govern the system and reflects "new normal."
- The redundancy principle is where families interact in repetitive behavioral sequences based on family structure.
- Family rules characterize, regulate, and stabilize family actions, revealing values and roles.
- Rules can be overt (explicit, prescribed, and express family values) or covert (implicit and hidden).
- Communication has two components:
- Report (content), which is the literal meaning.
- Command (relationship), the metacommunication, which defines the relationship.
- Double-bind theory states that two people, in an intense relationship (familial, friendship), receive contradicting messages
- This is structured with a primary injunction (request/order) and a simultaneous secondary injunction that contradicts the first
- The receiver feels unable to escape the contradictions, feeling "bad" or "mad."
- Symmetrical relationships have evenly distributed abilities, with conflict as equals fighting.
- Complementary relationships have distinct roles, often resulting in a hierarchy.
- Problems arise when roles become exaggerated.
- Families are viewed as a system or holon, greater than the sum of parts, with interactional patterns like a mind or organism.
- No single person controls patterns.
- Interventions emerge through organic processes.
- All behavior makes sense in context.
- No single person is to blame for distress, and are mutually negotiated.
- Personal characteristics depend on the system, emerging from interactional patterns.
- First-order cybernetics involves the therapist and family system, focusing on structure and feedback cycles.
- The therapist is a neutral observer, intervening to disrupt patterns and push for change.
- Second-order cybernetics recognizes multiple perspectives, being an involved co-constructor of the system's reality.
- Reality is constructed through language, with no universal truth.
- Therapist interactions impact the family.
- Punctuation in therapy reflects the therapist's worldview.
- Each distinction divides the system into parts within a larger system.
- The spirit of systemic therapists is the ability to see "The Big Picture".
- All behavior makes sense within a relational system.
- Therapists focus on interconnection, not labeling, and how behavior is shaped.
- Postmodernism shares assumptions, including relationally constructed reality being related to social systems.
- Changing language alters the experience of a problem while truth is determined within relation contexts.
- Systems theory uses a systems metaphor whereas social constructionist therapies use a textual metaphor.
- Postmodernism views all "truths" and "realities" as constructed, analyzing the human mind.
- Social constructionism focuses on what is happening between people.
- Critical theory focuses on the influence of dominant societal discourses.
- Reality is constructed through language, shaping identities.
- From a postmodern perspective, there are multiple realities and truths in any given situation.
- Shared meanings in language and action are vital for coordinating meanings and values within a culture.
- The Postmodern Spirit emphasizes awareness of how reality is constructed and how each person gives meaning to lived experiences
- Terminology includes using social location, cultural humility and competence.
- Social Location: Considering a person's complex matrix of identities.
- Cultural Humility: Ongoing personal reflecting, and respectful ways of relating.
- Cultural Competence: Knowledge to work with people across cultures.
- Critical Social Theories: Identify and challenge gross inequities between various social groups.
- Critical race theory works towards unequal distribution of power and wealth between white individuals and POC.
- Six central themes: there is no genetic basis for race, race organizes society, white people have privilege.
- Racism is not just pervasive by systemic and institutionally.
- Voices of POC must be heard in therapy, where the therapist is to be constantly aware and checking their biases.
- Socioculturally Attuned Family Therapy: The therapist seeks to understand and be present with the the clients lived experiences by being knowledgeable about societal dynamics.
- The Social Construction of Us vs Them is based on processes sort those encountered by those categories based on how similar or different they are from ourselves.
- Polarization and (Tribal) Affiliation: When tension rises, people affiliate with those who are like themselves people them-ify those who are different, to a point of dehumanization
- Interculturalism assumes permanency with a fundamental active process that views understands with the element.
- All injustice occurs in relationships with a constant leveridge on the social stories of inequality.
- Sociocultural oppression and trauma has an end goal of exposure through discriminatory and oppression with subjugation to have dominance and control.
- Oppression: Bringing under control and dominance, realities, fears, stress, or realities with ones own personal circumstances.
- Primary-level oppression is a relegated process where being subjugated means systemic position for extended period of time where the end means of this system is the means of their negotiation.
- Secondary-level Oppression: The more subtle form of oppression requires the presence with the fear of and oppressor with self sabotage.
- Clinical Implications: Addressing Intergenerational Oppression and Trauma where its important to identify dynamics, power, and with what those in their lives make problems and available solutions.
- Relational Responsiveness are all forms of interaction by being somatic and sensory.
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