Family Studies: Jukes and Kallikak Families
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'Kalikak' derive from?

  • A reference to a historical figure
  • The Greek words for beauty and bad (correct)
  • An ancient Roman family name
  • The Latin terms for intelligence and ignorance

Which of the following was a discovery regarding the descendant of Martin Kallikak Jr.?

  • Most of them had successful careers
  • A significant portion were involved in illicit activities (correct)
  • All descendants were found to be feeble-minded
  • A majority were confirmed to be normal

What was the profession of the woman with whom Martin Kallikak Sr. had an illegitimate son?

  • Quaker
  • Teacher
  • Prostitute (correct)
  • Artist

How many descendants were traced from Martin Kallikak Jr. according to the study?

<p>480 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a category identified in the Kallikak family tree analysis?

<p>Doctors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the studies conducted by advocates of the inheritance school like Dugdale?

<p>The potential connection between genetics and criminal tendencies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Dugdale's findings, what percentage of Ada Juke's descendants were involved in prostitution?

<p>40% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What observation did Dugdale make about the criminal tendencies in families?

<p>The eldest child is more often than not the criminal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What traits did Arthur H. Estabrook associate with the Jukes family in his 1915 assessment?

<p>Feeblemindedness, indolence, dishonesty, and licentiousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Estabrook believe the Jukes families behaved when marrying into other families?

<p>They maintained their criminal behaviors regardless (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements was NOT made by Dugdale regarding the Jukes family?

<p>Legitimate lines are less likely to marry into crime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total count of illegitimate births among the 709 descendants of the Jukes as noted by Dugdale?

<p>106 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family member was pointed out as 'the mother of criminals' in the Jukes family?

<p>Ada Juke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Kallikak Family Study

A study by Henry H. Goddard tracing the lineage of Martin Kallikak, Sr., a revolutionary war soldier, to analyze the effects of heredity on traits like feeblemindedness.

Martin Kallikak Jr.

Illegitimate son of Martin Kallikak, Sr., whose lineage was studied by Goddard. His descendants were generally seen as having undesirable traits.

Feeblemindedness

A term used in the past to refer to individuals deemed intellectually deficient or having a low level of mental capacity.

Heredity's Impact (Kallikak)

The historical study of the Kallikak family suggested a link between heredity and undesirable traits like feeblemindedness, alcoholism, and crime. The study is now considered flawed.

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Deborah (Study Subject)

An 8-year-old girl interviewed by Goddard in the Kallikak study, potentially displaying signs of feeblemindedness.

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Jukes Family Study

A study of the Juke family, tracing their descendants to identify criminal and poverty-related traits.

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Richard L. Dugdale

Sociologist and prison reformer who led the Jukes family study.

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Inheritance School

A school of thought that believed criminal tendencies were inherited genetically.

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Eugenics Record Office

An organization at Cold Spring Harbor, NY, that studied inherited traits and human behavior for societal improvement.

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Criminal Tendencies (Jukes)

The study of the Jukes Family claimed that criminality ran in the family, tied to illegitimate lines; eldest child; and male lines.

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Arthur H. Estabrook

A researcher who continued the Jukes study, finding similar traits with the same social issues.

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Social Inferiority

Traits like crime, poverty, and other social problems deemed undesirable in that time.

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Inheritance of Traits

The idea that undesirable traits like crime and poverty could be passed down through generations.

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Study Notes

Family Studies: The Jukes and Kallikak Families

  • Researchers like Henry H. Goddard, Richard L. Dugdale, and Arthur H. Estabrook studied generations of families, specifically the "Jukes" and "Kallikaks," to find evidence of inherited traits linked to criminal behavior.
  • They believed criminal tendencies were genetic and could be passed down through generations. These families were presented with pseudonyms.
  • The Jukes Family: Richard L. Dugdale studied the Jukes lineage, starting with the five daughters of Max Juke. He traced descendants, finding high rates of prostitution, pauperism, and illegitimate births, concluding a strong connection between lineage and criminal behavior. Max Juke (the ancestor) was depicted as a hunter, fisherman, hard drinker, and a scandalous man. One daughter, Ada Juke (known as Margaret), had multiple illegitimate children, according to the researchers.
  • The Kallikak Family: Henry H. Goddard studied Martin Kallikak, a revolutionary war soldier, tracing his two separate relationships. One was with a Quaker woman, the other was with a feeble-minded woman. He concluded that the descendants of the Quaker lineage were more orderly and less prone to criminal behavior. The descendants of the feeble-minded woman showed a high rate of feeble-mindedness, illegitimacy, prostitution, and criminal activity.
  • Arthur H. Estabrook, working at the Eugenics Record Office, studied the Jukes nearly four decades later. His findings largely supported Dugdale's, indicating continued criminal behaviors in the later Jukes descendants.
  • The Jukes and Kallikak studies concluded illegitimate children tended to have more criminal activity, that the burden of criminal activity in a family generally came from illegitimate lineages. Also, criminal activity was more frequent among males.
  • Data collected from the studies included descendants who were prostitutes, thieves, brothel owners, alcoholics, and those with licentious behavior, among other conclusions.
  • Subsequent studies, however, questioned the methodologies and biases present in the original "Jukes" and "Kallikak" studies.

Additional Findings / Data

  • Data show substantial variations in the recorded criminal and social behaviors of the descendants
  • The number of descendants involved in the study exceeds one thousand
  • 262 of a large group traced were identified as feeble-minded
  • 197 were considered normal
  • 581 descendants remained undetermined
  • 36 were illegitimate, 33 were sexually immoral (mostly prostitutes), 24 were confirmed alcoholics, and 3 were epileptics.
  • 82 died in infancy. 3 were criminals, 8 had houses of ill repute
  • The great-great-grandfather of Deborah (an 8-year-old who was interviewed) was Martin Kallikak, Jr.,

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Description

This quiz explores the groundbreaking studies by researchers like Dugdale and Goddard on the Jukes and Kallikak families. Discover how they traced criminal behavior through generations and their controversial implications on genetics and family traits. Test your knowledge on the findings and implications of these studies.

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