Family Structures and Health Chapter 2-4

Chapter 2: Family Structures

• Nuclear families consist of a husband, wife, and their children (biological or adopted).
• Extended families include grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives living nearby or in the same household.
• Multigenerational families include three or more generations.
• Non-biological families include adopted, fostered, or kinship families.
• Married-blended families consist of stepsiblings.
• Cohabitating families are unmarried parents.

Chapter 3: Breast Self-Exam

• The best time to perform a breast self-exam is 5-7 days after menstruation.
• Observe for lumps, nipple inversion, dimpling, redness, and pain.
• Perform the exam while lying down and standing with the arm raised, using the opposite hand in a circular motion.

Chapter 4: Amenorrhea

• Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation by age 13.
• Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation for two consecutive cycles or six months or more.
• Pregnancy is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea.
• Other possible causes include eating disorders, exercise, or hormonal imbalances.

Chapter 4: Sexually Transmitted Infections & Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment

Bacterial Infections

Chlamydia

• Symptoms are frequently asymptomatic.
• Common symptoms include dysuria, vulvar itching, and a gray/white vaginal discharge.
• Treatment is typically azithromycin (1 dose) or doxycycline (7 days), safe for breastfeeding and pregnant women.

Gonorrhea

• Common symptoms include dysuria, pelvic pain, and a purulent (pus-like) vaginal discharge. Treatment is typically ceftriaxone (one dose).

Syphilis

• Chancres (painless sores) are a common symptom.
• Skin rashes on the palms and soles, as well as lymph node swelling, may occur.
• Treatment is typically penicillin G.

Viral Infections

HPV

• Symptoms include cauliflower-like warts, bleeding after sex, and pain during sex.
• Treatment primarily involves cryotherapy for wart removal or chemical treatments.

HSV-2 (Herpes Simplex Virus)

• Painful genital sores, itching, fever, and swollen lymph nodes are typical symptoms.
• Treat with oral antiviral medication like acyclovir.

Bacterial Vaginosis

• Fishy odor is a common symptom.
• Treatment involves oral metronidazole.

Candidiasis (Yeast Infections)

• Vaginal itching, and a thick, cottage-cheese-like discharge are common symptoms.
• Treatment involves antifungal cream (like Monistat).

Trichomoniasis

• Yellow-green, foul-smelling discharge, strawberry cervix, and vaginal itching are symptoms.
• Treatment involves oral metronidazole, which is safe for pregnancy.

Chapter 5: Contraceptive Methods

• Coitus interruptus (pull-out method) is not effective in preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
• Fertility awareness methods (FAMs) track ovulation; they may not be accurate.
• Barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, sponges) offer protection against STIs.
• Oral contraceptives contain hormones.
• Combined estrogen-progesterone contraceptives do not prevent STIs.

Chapter 6: Fetal Movement and Placental, Amniotic Functions

• Fetal movement, also known as quickening, is typically felt around 16-20 weeks.
• Counting fetal movements can help monitor fetal well-being.
• The placenta facilitates metabolic exchange between the mother and fetus.
• Amniotic fluid provides a cushioning environment and maintains the fetus's temperature.

Chapter 6: Polyhydramnios/Oligohydramnios

• Polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid) can be linked to renal abnormalities.
• Oligohydramnios (too little amniotic fluid) is associated with renal abnormalities.

Chapter 7: Calculating GTPAL

• Gravidity is the total number of pregnancies
• Term pregnancies are those that last longer than 37 weeks.
• Preterm pregnancies are those that last less than 37 weeks.
• Abortion is a pregnancy that ends before 20 weeks.
• Living children are those still alive.

Chapter 7: Physiological Changes of Pregnancy to the Body Systems

• The uterus enlarges during pregnancy due to increased estrogen, progesterone and vascularity changes. (Signs like lightening, Hegars and Braxton Hicks)

Chapter 8: Pregnancy Warning Signs

• Includes a list of possible dangers and warning signs related to pregnancy.

Chapter 9: Alcohol in Pregnancy

• There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Chapter 10: Due Date Calculation

• Naegel's rule accurately predicts due date using the last menstrual period.

Chapter 11: Gestational Diabetes

• Gestational diabetes is detected after 20 weeks of pregnancy. A1C should generally be <= 6.5%.

Chapter 12: Preeclampsia, HELLP

• Preeclampsia is characterized by high blood pressure (≥140/90) and protein in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
• HELLP syndrome is a complication of preeclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets.

Chapter 12: Placental Abruption, Placenta Previa & Ectopic Pregnancy

• Placental abruption is the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall.
• Placenta previa is when the placenta is implanted over or near the cervical opening.
• An ectopic pregnancy is one that implants outside the uterine cavity. (Usually in the fallopian tubes)

Chapter 13: Labor Positions

• Various positions during labor, such as upright, lying on the side, squatting, kneeling, or hands on knees are effective to promote labor progress.

Chapter 15: Electronic Fetal Monitoring

• Variable decelerations, early decelerations, and late decelerations are types of fetal heart rate patterns.

Chapter 16: Rupture of Membranes

• Rupture of the amniotic membranes can signify a need for monitoring fetal HR, maternal temperature, and assessment of the color/odor of amniotic fluid.

Chapter 17: Shoulder Dystocia & Prolapsed Cord

• Shoulder dystocia is a complication where the baby's shoulders are unable to pass through the birth canal.
• A prolapsed cord is when the umbilical cord descends ahead of the baby during labor.

Chapter 18: Postpartum Maternal Vitals

• Normal postpartum vital signs, precautions to take for postpartum.

Chapter 19: Lochia

• Lochia is a vaginal discharge following childbirth.

Chapter 20: Newborn Physiologic Adaptations

• Describes the transition of a baby from intrauterine life to extrauterine life, covering important physiologic adaptations as well as warning signs to watch for.

Chapter 21: Newborn Assessments & Care

• Covers physical assessment techniques, normal newborn findings, abnormal newborn findings, and warning signs related to newborn heath.

Chapter 22: Newborn Skin Conditions

• Includes a description of various skin conditions that may affect newborns.

Chapter 23: Newborn Head Abnormalities

• Describes different types of head abnormalities in newborns with their characteristics, potential causes, and risks.

Chapter 24: Hyperbilirubinemia

• Covers causes, signs, and treatment options for hyperbilirubinemia, which can affect newborns, distinguishing physiological from pathologic jaundice.

Chapter 25: Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

• Common signs, like high pitched cries, irritability, seizures, poor feeding, and diarrhea are key symptoms observed in withdrawal newborn.

Chapter 26: Newborn Pain & APGAR

• Describes signs and interventions for newborn pain.
• The APGAR score is described as a system for evaluating newborns' overall condition at birth.

Chapter 27: Umbilical Cord, Circumcision & Perineal Care

• Discusses care of the umbilical cord, details for circumcision, and care of perineal/genital areas following childbirth.

Chapter 28: Vitamin K & Erythromycin

• Discusses the importance and process of administering Vitamin K and Erythromycin eye ointment to newborns, including common causes or complications.

Chapter 29: Newborn Safe Sleep

• Importance of proper baby positioning to prevent various risks, and tips to keep newborn safe from suffocation or injury.

Chapter 30: Breastfeeding Tips

• Covers recommendations for breastfeeding, effective latching methods, benefits, and signs of poor latching

Chapter 31: Bottle Feeding Tips

• Advice on bottle feeding for parents; Includes safety and timing considerations.

Chapter 32: Macrosomic Infant

• Covers interventions for managing newborns with significantly elevated birth weights.

Chapter 33: Types of NEC

• Describes a specific condition affecting newborns with a focus on its causes, signs, and preventive measures.

Chapter 34: Fungal Infections

• Describes specific types of fungal infections and their impact on newborns.

Chapter 35:, Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome treatment

• Review of treatment for babies diagnosed with a particular condition that is characterized by signs and symptoms related to withdrawal.