103 Questions
What is Janelle's current situation in relation to her grandson Jacob?
Janelle is currently parenting her 4-year-old grandson Jacob.
Why did Danielle lose custody of her son?
Danielle lost custody of her son due to an incident of domestic violence where her live-in partner threatened her with a gun.
What is Jacob's current mental health condition?
Jacob has severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
What is Janelle's perspective on her daughter's difficulties?
Janelle feels partially responsible for her daughter's difficulties.
What was Janelle's relationship with her ex-husband like?
Janelle's ex-husband was physically and emotionally abusive.
What did Janelle do to try to help her daughter when she was 16 and pregnant?
Janelle kicked her daughter out of the house, hoping she would reevaluate her life and resume school and sobriety.
What is Danielle currently receiving?
Danielle is currently receiving counseling and job training.
What support is Janelle receiving to help her care for her grandson?
Janelle is receiving training and support through the Child Welfare Services caseworker.
What is the significant household change in the second half of the 20th century in North America?
The increase in men and women living together without being married.
What is the proportion of adults aged 18 to 44 in the United States who have cohabited?
Approximately 60%
What percentage of couples living together were not married in Canada in 1981?
6.3%
What is the proportion of Canadians aged 15 years and older living in common-law relationships in 2016?
12%
What percentage of those 65 years and older are partners in cohabiting households in 2017?
6%
What is the current marital status for almost 10% of the adult population aged 15 and older in the United States?
Divorced
What is the divorce rate for women in the United States in 1960?
9.2 per 1,000 women in the population
What is the phenomenon observed in divorce rates among individuals 45 years and older?
Divorce rates have doubled since at least the 1990s.
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon of divorce rates increasing among individuals 45 years and older?
Gray divorce
What is the proportion of couples getting married today who live together before getting married?
A majority
What percentage of Canadian women aged 55 years and older were separated or divorced from a marriage in 2017?
Approximately 16%
What is one of the risk factors for divorce among older adults?
Financial stressors
What is a potential positive outcome of divorce for older adults who are financially secure and in good health?
Reduced stress and increased sense of freedom
What is the relationship between educational attainment and risk of marital dissolution?
Highly educated individuals have a lower risk of marital dissolution
What percentage of first marriages of men with less than a high school diploma had ended in divorce by age 46?
56.6%
What is the current understanding of the relationship between premarital cohabitation and subsequent divorce?
Recent research suggests that cohabitation with the intention of getting married is less likely to end in divorce
What is a common reason for the dissolution of cohabiting relationships?
Financial and convenience reasons
What percentage of Canadian adults are in their second or subsequent marriage or common-law union?
More than one in four
What percentage of married individuals in the US have been previously married?
Approximately one in four
What is the trend in remarriage rates in recent decades?
Decline
Who are more likely to remarry and remarry more quickly?
Men
What is the percentage of U.S. adults aged 15 or older who have multiple-partner fertility (MPF)?
10.1%
What is a major challenge faced by researchers studying stepfamily dynamics?
Finding large-enough sample sizes, particularly of stepfamilies consisting of racial minorities.
Why are women less likely to remarry than men?
Women's preference to marry same-age or older men, having children in the home, and decreasing numbers of eligible men to marry as women age.
What is a common outcome for stepfamily members compared to biological and full-sibling families?
Negative outcomes, including decreased parental involvement, increased conflict, and decreased family belonging.
What percentage of North Americans live in multigenerational households that include two or more adult generations?
20%
What percentage of grandparents in Canada aged 45 years and older lived with their grandchildren in 2011?
8%
What is the percentage of men aged 25-64 in Canada who have children with more than one partner?
5.3%
What is a potential benefit of stepfamily structures compared to biological and full-sibling families?
Financial benefits and less sibling conflict.
What percentage of Canadians aged 24 years or younger living with their grandparents also had only one parent in the household?
29%
Why are remarriage rates higher among those with more education?
Not specified in the content
What is the secondary role of a stepmother in a stepfamily unless the biological mother is deceased?
The stepmother's role is secondary to the biological mother's role.
What is a key factor in determining the strength of stepfamily relationships?
The intentional work the family does in defining family roles and relationships during family formation.
Which racial group is more likely to have grandparent-led or grandparent-maintained families?
African American
What is the percentage of adults with MPF among those aged 40-49 who are more likely to have completed their fertility?
14.9%
Who are more likely to experience multiple-partner fertility (MPF)?
Blacks, Hispanics, and all other races or race combinations
What percentage of Asian American families live in multigenerational households?
29%
What is a common finding among stepchildren of all ages regarding the timing of repartnership?
The strength of stepfamily functioning and relationships is contingent upon the intentional work the family does in defining family roles and relationships during family formation.
Who is more likely to provide care to grandchildren, grandmothers or grandfathers?
Grandmothers
What affects the likelihood that a stepfamily relationship would remain intact after marital dissolution?
The closeness and sense of connection between the stepparent and stepchild.
What is a common characteristic of adults with MPF?
Less educated, less likely to be married, higher rates of poverty, and having more biological children on average
What is true for intergenerational stepfamily ties, such as between step-grandchildren and step-grandparents?
The longevity and strength of stepparent relationships are highly contingent on the strength of the relationship prior to marital dissolution and on the efforts by biological parents to maintain connections.
What caused an increase in co-residential grandparent households after 2007?
The Great Recession
Why do older men tend to remarry rather than cohabitate?
Not specified in the content
What percentage of European American families live in multigenerational households?
16%
What is a characteristic of contemporary grandparenting?
It is complex and varied.
What is the main reason for the increase in multiple-partner fertility (MPF) in recent years?
Not specified in the content
What is a key factor in determining the longevity and strength of stepfamily relationships?
The intentional work the family does in defining family roles and relationships during family formation, as well as the efforts by biological parents to maintain connections.
Which group is more likely to live in multigenerational households with their grandchildren, foreign-born or native-born grandparents?
Foreign-born grandparents
What is the trend in multigenerational households since 1980?
A steady rise
What factors influence the type of care provided by grandparents?
Age of grandparents, number of grandchildren, economic security of grandparents, and additional caregiving responsibilities.
How do younger grandparents tend to provide care to their grandchildren, compared to older grandparents?
Younger grandparents tend to provide more hands-on and frequent care, while older grandparents tend to provide more material support.
What is the impact of the number of grandchildren on grandparents' caregiving?
As the number of grandchildren increases, grandparents are more likely to provide some type of grandchild care.
How do European American grandparents tend to differ from ethnic minority grandparents in terms of grandparenting?
European American grandparents tend to provide more material assistance and babysitting than ethnic minority grandparents.
What is the impact of grandparent caregiving on poverty rates for African American grandmothers?
Poverty rates for African American grandmothers in skipped-generation households tend to be higher.
How do grandparents' own caregiving responsibilities outside the grandparent-grandchild relationship affect grandparenting?
As grandparents attend to various caregiving responsibilities outside the grandparent-grandchild relationship, it changes the dynamics of grandparenting.
What is a gap in research on grandparenting experiences?
There is a dearth of literature on LGBTQ+ grandparenting experiences.
What are some benefits of grandparent-maintained or co-residential grandparenting arrangements?
Grandparents caring for grandchildren allow parents to work in paid employment outside the home while not paying for outsourced child care, and provide a cultural link to past generations, familial history, and cultural knowledge.
What are some physical and emotional benefits of grandparenting for grandparents themselves?
Grandparents express increased levels of joy in maintaining relationships and caring for their grandchildren, as well as increased exercise and better diets to provide good examples for their grandchildren.
What is the relationship between grandparenting intensity and caregiving outcomes?
The types and intensity of grandparenting responsibilities may determine caregiving outcomes.
What is a common characteristic of individuals with Multiparental Fertility (MPF) in both Canada and the United States?
They have their first birth at a younger age, are less likely to have an intended first birth, and are less likely to be living with the other biological parent when they had their first birth.
What is a notable difference in the living arrangements of children between Canada and the United States?
In Canada, 73% of children under 15 years live with both biological or adoptive parents, while in the United States, 64% of children under 18 years live with both biological or adoptive parents.
How do Asian, White, and Hispanic children in the United States differ in terms of living arrangements with their married biological parents?
Asian children are the most likely (82%) to live with their married biological parents, followed by White children (69%), and Hispanic children (57%).
What is a key finding about the living arrangements of children in the United States?
Younger children are more likely to be in families with married or cohabiting biological parents, while the incidence of stepfamilies and lone-parent households increases with age.
What is the proportion of children under 15 years living in a stepfamily in Canada?
9.8%
How do married and cohabiting stepfamilies differ in terms of their prevalence in the United States?
Half of children living in stepfamilies in the United States are in married stepfamilies, while the other half are in cohabiting stepfamilies.
What is the role of stepparents in contemporary families?
Stepparents serve supplemental and somewhat ill-defined roles within the newly formed family.
What is a common outcome for individuals with MPF in terms of their parental well-being?
They are more likely to experience depression, be less happy in their role as a parent, and feel less close to their children.
How do men with MPF whose children are spread across more households differ from men with single-partner fertility?
They are less likely to think they are doing a good job or very good job as a father.
What is a key factor influencing the diversity of living arrangements among children?
Geographic region, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and religious affiliation.
What is a significant factor contributing to the increase in single-parent households?
The retreat from marriage, increases in the financial independence of women, and nonmarital childbearing.
What percentage of Canadian children under the age of 15 live with a lone parent?
19.2%
What is the most common placement setting for children in foster care in the United States?
Nonrelative foster family
What is a significant concern in the child welfare system in both the United States and Canada?
The overrepresentation of minority children in foster care.
Why have foster-care entries been increasing since 2012?
Partially due to increases in reported child abuse and neglect related to parental drug use.
What is the preferred type of placement for children, and why?
Kinship placement, because it is associated with improved childhood outcomes.
What is the proportion of children in the United States who live in a lone-parent household?
Approximately 23%
What percentage of lone-parent families in Canada are headed by males?
Approximately 19%
What is the percentage of children in foster care who are African American in the United States?
35%
What is the trend in foster-care entries in recent years?
Increasing, since 2012.
What percentage of families with a lone parent living with minor children have multiple-partner fertility (MPF)?
30.5%
What is the most common post-divorce custody arrangement in most states, and what is the key factor that influences this arrangement?
Shared custody, influenced by the income of the households.
What is the challenge faced by families with shared custody in terms of social policies and income taxes?
They are disadvantaged by social policies that recognize only one home for the child, and income taxes force families to decide which household will claim the child as a dependent.
What percentage of cohabiting couples living with minor children have multiple-partner fertility (MPF)?
43.6%
Why are higher-income households more likely to divide custody more equally?
Because shared custody is more common in higher-income households.
What is a key benefit of kinship care for siblings?
Increased likelihood of siblings staying together
What percentage of sheltered homeless people in the United States are children from birth to age 17 years with an adult?
27.6%
What is the approximate percentage of children in the United States who experienced a transition involving shifting co-residence with a biological or stepparent in 2017?
3%
What is the definition of multiple-partner fertility (MPF)?
MPF occurs when at least one parent (including stepparents and adoptive parents even if they are not biologically related to the co-resident child) has biological children with more than one person.
What is the approximate percentage of people in families experiencing homelessness in the United States who are African Americans?
Five in 10
What is the proportion of adults aged 18 to 44 in the United States who have experienced homelessness?
Not provided in the content
What is the phenomenon observed in the increase in divorce rates among individuals 45 years and older?
Not applicable, as the content does not mention this specific phenomenon
What is the percentage of families experiencing homelessness who report experiencing chronic homelessness?
5%
What is a major challenge faced by researchers studying stepfamily dynamics?
One major challenge is the complexity of stepfamily relationships, which can be difficult to study
What is the trend in remarriage rates in recent decades?
Not provided in the content
Study Notes
Demographic Trends
- Cohabitation: One of the most significant household changes in the second half of the 20th century in North America, with 60% of adults aged 18 to 44 in the US having cohabited, more than the proportion who have ever been married (50%).
- Cohabitation rates are increasing even among older adults, with 6% of those 65 years and older in cohabiting households compared to 2% in 1996.
Divorce
- In 2020, divorced was the current marital status for almost 10% of the adult population aged 15 and older in the US, whereas in 1970 it was less than 3%.
- Comparable statistics in Canada show approximately 7% were divorced in 2020, compared to less than 1% in 1971.
- The divorce rate for women in the US increased sharply between 1960 and 1980, and have gradually declined since then, with a slight uptick between 2000 and 2010 that has since reversed.
Repartnering
- In Canada, more than one in four adults who are in a couple relationship are in their second or subsequent marriage or common-law union.
- In the US, one in three adults aged 19 to 44 years have experienced multiple cohabiting relationships in their lifetime.
- Remarriage rates are progressively higher among those with more education, highest among Asians, and lowest among Black women.
Multiple-Partner Fertility
- Multiple-partner fertility (MPF) occurs when someone has biological children with more than one partner.
- In the US, an estimated 10.1% of all persons aged 15 or older have MPF, and approximately one in five have MPF when looking specifically at persons aged 15 or older who have two or more biological children.
- In Canada, 5.3% of men and 7.5% of women aged 25 to 64 have children with more than one partner.
Living Arrangements of Children
- Approximately 73% of children under the age of 15 years in Canada, and 64% of children under the age of 18 years in the US, are currently living with both biological or adoptive parents.
- Racial/ethnic differences exist in the living arrangements of children, with Asian children most likely to be living with their married biological parents (82%).
- The incidence of stepfamilies and lone-parent households increases with age.
Stepfamily Households
- In Canada, 9.8% of children under the age of 15 years are living in a stepfamily.
- The most common stepfamily arrangement is a child living with both biological parents and half-siblings (3.6%).
- Outcomes for stepfamily members are mixed, with negative outcomes tending to outweigh positive benefits among reviews of the literature.### Stepfamily Relationships
- The strength of stepfamily relationships is contingent upon the intentional work the family does in defining family roles and relationships during family formation.
- Building relationships between stepparents and stepchildren through support, patience, and respect of biological parent roles and relationships can lead to closer and longer-lasting bonds.
- When children consider a stepparent a family member and feel close to them, the likelihood of the relationship remaining intact after marital dissolution is higher.
Multigeneration and Skipped-Generation Households
- 20% of North Americans live in multigenerational households that include two or more adult generations.
- Multigenerational households have been on a steady rise since 1980, with 8% of grandparents in Canada aged 45 years and older living with their grandchildren.
- Grandparenting contexts are not static and may change over time, particularly in families with single parents.
- Multigenerational households are more common among Native American, Indigenous, Asian, and African American families.
Grandparenting Arrangements
- Grandmothers tend to provide more care to grandchildren than grandfathers.
- Grandmothers tend to outnumber grandfathers in co-residential living arrangements.
- Grandfathers are more likely to be caregivers for their grandchildren as they age.
- Younger grandparents who live closer to grandchildren tend to provide more hands-on and frequent care.
- Grandparents who maintain households for their grandchildren tend to be younger and employed in the labor force.
Lone-Parent Households
- 19.2% of Canadian children under the age of 15 live with a lone parent.
- Approximately 23% of minor children in the United States live in a lone-parent household.
- The proportion of lone-parent households varies considerably by race, with almost half of Black children living with a lone parent.
Foster Care
- Approximately 0.5% of Canadian children under the age of 15 years are living in foster care.
- In the United States, over 670,000 children were served by the foster-care system in 2019.
- There is an overrepresentation of African American and Native American children in the child welfare system.
Homelessness
- One-third of documented homeless individuals in the United States belong to a homeless family with children.
- Ethnic and racial minorities are overrepresented among homeless families.
- Only 5% of documented homeless people in families with children report experiencing chronic homelessness.
Household Transitions and Multiple Households
- Approximately 3% of children in the United States experience a transition involving shifting co-residence with a biological or stepparent.
- One in three children who experience a transition experience multiple transitions.
- Transitions into and out of different types of families have both direct and indirect effects on physical and mental health for parents and children.
A quiz about Janelle's family dynamics, including her relationship with her daughter and grandson, and the challenges they face.
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