Family Relationships and Dynamics

Janelle is currently parenting her 4-year-old grandson Jacob.

Danielle lost custody of her son due to an incident of domestic violence where her live-in partner threatened her with a gun.

Jacob has severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

<p>Janelle feels partially responsible for her daughter's difficulties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Janelle's ex-husband was physically and emotionally abusive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Janelle kicked her daughter out of the house, hoping she would reevaluate her life and resume school and sobriety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Danielle is currently receiving counseling and job training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Janelle is receiving training and support through the Child Welfare Services caseworker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increase in men and women living together without being married.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divorced</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>9.2 per 1,000 women in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divorce rates have doubled since at least the 1990s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gray divorce</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A majority</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Financial stressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced stress and increased sense of freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly educated individuals have a lower risk of marital dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>56.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent research suggests that cohabitation with the intention of getting married is less likely to end in divorce</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Financial and convenience reasons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More than one in four</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately one in four</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Men</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Finding large-enough sample sizes, particularly of stepfamilies consisting of racial minorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women's preference to marry same-age or older men, having children in the home, and decreasing numbers of eligible men to marry as women age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative outcomes, including decreased parental involvement, increased conflict, and decreased family belonging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Financial benefits and less sibling conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>29%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not specified in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stepmother's role is secondary to the biological mother's role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intentional work the family does in defining family roles and relationships during family formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>African American</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>14.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blacks, Hispanics, and all other races or race combinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>29%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength of stepfamily functioning and relationships is contingent upon the intentional work the family does in defining family roles and relationships during family formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grandmothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The closeness and sense of connection between the stepparent and stepchild.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less educated, less likely to be married, higher rates of poverty, and having more biological children on average</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The longevity and strength of stepparent relationships are highly contingent on the strength of the relationship prior to marital dissolution and on the efforts by biological parents to maintain connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Great Recession</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not specified in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is complex and varied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not specified in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intentional work the family does in defining family roles and relationships during family formation, as well as the efforts by biological parents to maintain connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foreign-born grandparents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A steady rise</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age of grandparents, number of grandchildren, economic security of grandparents, and additional caregiving responsibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Younger grandparents tend to provide more hands-on and frequent care, while older grandparents tend to provide more material support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As the number of grandchildren increases, grandparents are more likely to provide some type of grandchild care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>European American grandparents tend to provide more material assistance and babysitting than ethnic minority grandparents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poverty rates for African American grandmothers in skipped-generation households tend to be higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As grandparents attend to various caregiving responsibilities outside the grandparent-grandchild relationship, it changes the dynamics of grandparenting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a dearth of literature on LGBTQ+ grandparenting experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grandparents caring for grandchildren allow parents to work in paid employment outside the home while not paying for outsourced child care, and provide a cultural link to past generations, familial history, and cultural knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grandparents express increased levels of joy in maintaining relationships and caring for their grandchildren, as well as increased exercise and better diets to provide good examples for their grandchildren.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The types and intensity of grandparenting responsibilities may determine caregiving outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have their first birth at a younger age, are less likely to have an intended first birth, and are less likely to be living with the other biological parent when they had their first birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Canada, 73% of children under 15 years live with both biological or adoptive parents, while in the United States, 64% of children under 18 years live with both biological or adoptive parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asian children are the most likely (82%) to live with their married biological parents, followed by White children (69%), and Hispanic children (57%).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Younger children are more likely to be in families with married or cohabiting biological parents, while the incidence of stepfamilies and lone-parent households increases with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>9.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Half of children living in stepfamilies in the United States are in married stepfamilies, while the other half are in cohabiting stepfamilies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stepparents serve supplemental and somewhat ill-defined roles within the newly formed family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more likely to experience depression, be less happy in their role as a parent, and feel less close to their children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are less likely to think they are doing a good job or very good job as a father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geographic region, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and religious affiliation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The retreat from marriage, increases in the financial independence of women, and nonmarital childbearing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>19.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonrelative foster family</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overrepresentation of minority children in foster care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partially due to increases in reported child abuse and neglect related to parental drug use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kinship placement, because it is associated with improved childhood outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 19%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing, since 2012.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shared custody, influenced by the income of the households.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are disadvantaged by social policies that recognize only one home for the child, and income taxes force families to decide which household will claim the child as a dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>43.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because shared custody is more common in higher-income households.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased likelihood of siblings staying together</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>27.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MPF occurs when at least one parent (including stepparents and adoptive parents even if they are not biologically related to the co-resident child) has biological children with more than one person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Five in 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not provided in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not applicable, as the content does not mention this specific phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One major challenge is the complexity of stepfamily relationships, which can be difficult to study</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not provided in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers