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Questions and Answers
What is the duration for which the hormonal IUD is effective?
Which of the following describes the main function of the synthetic progestin hormone released by the hormonal IUD?
What are the potential side effects linked to the use of an IUD?
What is required for the insertion and removal of an IUD?
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Which type of hormonal contraceptive can be used up to 5 days after unprotected sex?
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What is the effectiveness rate of the emergency contraceptive pill if taken within the first 24 hours of unprotected sex?
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Which of the following statements about the copper IUD is false?
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Which condition is NOT a contraindication for the use of an IUD?
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What is the primary mechanism by which oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy?
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What effect does weight have on the effectiveness of the contraceptive patch?
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What is a common side effect associated with the Depo-Provera contraceptive?
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What distinguishes the effectiveness rates of hormonal contraceptive methods?
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How is the Implanon contraceptive administered?
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What hormone does the Implanon release for contraceptive action?
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What is a key note about the Depo-Provera injection method?
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How are hormones absorbed from the vaginal ring used for contraception?
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What is the main purpose of a tubal ligation in women?
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What post-operative complication may result from a vasectomy?
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What is a key action of spermicides when used for contraception?
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What is a necessary consideration for individuals undergoing permanent contraception procedures, such as tubal ligation or vasectomy?
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Which potential side effect is associated with using vaginal contraceptive films?
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What is NOT a purpose of family planning services?
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What complication can arise from a tubal ligation procedure?
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Which is a common risk related to both vasectomy and tubal ligation?
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What is a potential side effect of using male condoms?
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What is the primary function of both male and female condoms?
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Which statement about the effectiveness of contraceptive methods is accurate?
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What is a correct characteristic of female condoms?
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What is a disadvantage of using a diaphragm and cervical cap?
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Which characteristic of the contraceptive sponge is true?
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Why might a woman choose to use a female condom?
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What crucial factor must be considered when using spermicidal agents?
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Which of the following family planning methods has the highest effectiveness in preventing pregnancy when used correctly?
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What is the primary disadvantage of using natural family planning methods?
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What factor is least likely to influence a person's choice of contraceptive method?
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Which of the following methods is considered 100% effective in preventing pregnancy?
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What method involves tracking signs and symptoms associated with ovulation?
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What is a notable side effect of using natural methods of contraception?
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How does the basal body temperature relate to ovulation?
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Which of the following is a common factor influencing contraceptive choice apart from safety and effectiveness?
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Study Notes
Family Planning
- Family planning is the practice of controlling the number and spacing of children.
- It involves personal, social, economic, religious, and cultural decisions about planning a pregnancy.
Factors Influencing Family Planning Choices
- Cost of the method
- Effectiveness of the method in preventing pregnancy
- Method availability
- Safety of the method
- Convenience of the method
- Desirability and personal preference
- Religious and moral factors
- Medical problems, such as blood clotting disorders or cancer
Types of Family Planning Methods
- Natural methods - Involve the signs and symptoms associated with ovulation. These methods have a 20% failure rate.
- Hormonal methods - Use synthetic hormones to prevent ovulation or make it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg.
- Mechanical methods - Use physical barriers to prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
- Chemical methods - Use spermicides to kill sperm.
- Surgical methods - Permanent methods that block or cut the tubes that carry sperm or eggs.
Natural Family Planning Methods
- Predicting fertility: Basal Body Temperature & Calendar method
- Withdrawal/Pullout
- Breastfeeding
- Abstinence - The only 100% effective way to prevent pregnancy and STIs
Basal Body Temperature Method
- The lowest temperature of the body at rest.
- Ovulation raises body temperature by 0.5 degrees Celsius, and the temperature will drop if fertilization does not occur.
Oral Contraceptives (Pills)
- Oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy by suppressing ovulation through the combined action of synthetic estrogen and progestin.
- They thicken cervical mucus and alter the decidua of the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
- Effectiveness rate of 99%.
The Patch
- A bandage-like patch that sticks to the woman’s skin. Hormones are absorbed through the skin.
- Changed weekly, with no patch on the fourth week.
- Less effective if the woman weighs over 90 kilograms.
- May cause skin irritation.
- Prescription-needed.
- Effectiveness: 91-99.7%
The Vaginal Ring
- A clear, soft, flexible two-inch circle worn in the vagina.
- The body absorbs hormones from the ring through the vaginal wall.
- Worn in the vagina for three weeks, then removed for one week to allow withdrawal bleeding.
- One size fits all.
- Prescription-needed.
- Effectiveness: 91-99.7%
Depo-Provera
- A long-acting injectable progestin.
- Alters the cervical mucus so that it becomes hostile to sperm.
- Impairs ovulation and implantation.
- A single injection is given every three months, IM. Should not be massaged to reduce effectiveness.
- It is given one to five days of the menstrual cycle.
- Side effects: weight gain, risk of osteoporosis, menstrual spotting.
The Injectable Hormone
- A long-acting hormone injection given once every three months.
- Not reversible.
- May take a long time to get pregnant after receiving the shot.
- More chance of weight gain than any other method.
- Clinic/doctor visit needed every three months.
- Effectiveness: 94-99.8%
Implanon
- A single silicon rod implant inserted subdermally that uses etonogestrel (progesterone).
- Provides contraception for up to three years.
- The rod can be removed in the outpatient clinic under local anesthesia.
- Side effects: headache, vertigo, nervousness.
The Implant
- A soft rod placed under the skin in a woman’s upper arm.
- Slowly releases hormones into the system.
- Prevents pregnancy for three years, but can be taken out at any time.
- Clinic/doctor visit needed every three years.
- Effectiveness: 99.95%
The Intrauterine Device (IUD)
- A small T-shaped, flexible device inserted by a healthcare provider into the uterine cavity through the cervix.
- The insertion can cause discomfort and pain, but removal is fast and easy.
- Two types exist: copper IUD and hormonal IUD.
The Copper IUD
- Lasts for 10 years.
- Effectiveness: 99.8%.
- Contraindications: liver disease, copper allergy, breast cancer, immunodeficiency, uterine abnormalities, pelvic infections or disorders, abnormal uterine bleeding.
- Potential adverse effects: lower abdominal pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, uterine perforation and collapse, expulsion of the device, infection (endometritis), failure and unwanted pregnancy..
The Hormonal IUD
- Lasts for five years.
- Effectiveness: 99.8%.
- Contraindications: liver disease, copper allergy, breast cancer, immunodeficiency, uterine abnormalities, pelvic infections or disorders, abnormal uterine bleeding.
- Potential adverse effects: lower abdominal pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, uterine perforation and collapse, expulsion of the device, infection (endometritis), failure and unwanted pregnancy.
Emergency Contraception
- Taken after sex to prevent pregnancy.
- Contains a higher dosage of the same hormones found in regular birth control.
- Will not stop an existing pregnancy.
- Available at the pharmacy.
- Effectiveness: approximately 95% if taken within the first 24 hours of unprotected sex.
Male Condoms
- Thin latex or natural membrane worn on the penis during intercourse.
- Collect semen before, during, and after ejaculation.
- Come in various styles, such as ribbed, lubricated, and with or without spermicidal agents.
- Side effects and contraindications: partner may be allergic to latex, less sensation.
Female Condoms
- Two flexible rings: one inserted into the vagina and one that remains outside.
- Used for the same purpose as the male condom to prevent pregnancy and protect women from STIs.
- Two types of female condoms:
- Latex
- Nitrile
- Side effects and contraindications: spermicidal can cause local irritation in the vagina or on the penis, which can cause cracks that provide a portal of entry for infections including HIV.
The Condom
- Thin covering placed over an erect penis.
- Made of latex, polyurethane, or animal membrane.
- Put on before any genital contact.
- Side effects: May decrease the sensation for men.
- Access: Easy to buy in a store or online. Inexpensive.
- Usually offered for free at community health centers.
- Effectiveness: 82-98%.
The Female Condom
- A soft, loose pouch inserted into the vagina. Flexible rings at each end hold it in place.
- Can be put in up to eight hours before sex.
- Insert the small ring in the vagina, the large ring stays outside partially covering the external genital labia.
- Can be used if a woman is allergic to latex (made of nitrile).
- Men usually feel no reduction in sensation.
- Access: Available at many pharmacies, clinics, and online.
- Effectiveness: 79-95%.
The Sponge
- One-size, single-use, non-prescription barrier sponge contraceptive.
- Works by absorbing semen and providing a barrier to the cervix. Contains spermicide.
- Side effects: Sponge movement may lead to the entrance of sperm and pregnancy.
Diaphragm and Cervical Cap
- Rubber domes that fit over the cervix.
- Use a spermicidal agent to kill any sperm that passes.
- Fitted by a healthcare provider. Women must learn how to insert and remove them.
- Can be inserted several hours before intercourse, remain in place at least for six hours after intercourse, but not more than 24 hours to prevent pressure on local tissues.
- Contraindications: Women with allergies to rubber or spermicidal agents, increased risk of a urinary tract infection due to pressure on the bladder.
Chemical Methods: Spermicides
- Used to kill sperm.
- Available in various forms, including:
- Fuming tablets
- Vaginal contraceptive film
- Suppositories
- Action: Change the pH of the uterus and cervix so that sperm cannot live in it.
Surgical Methods: Long-Term/Permanent
- These procedures are permanent and are usually done by people 35 years and over.
- Both procedures are done in a hospital operating theater.
- Types of surgical methods:
- Tubal ligation (female)
- Vasectomy (male)
Tubal Ligation (Female)
- A small incision is made in the abdomen to access the fallopian tubes.
- The fallopian tubes are blocked, burned, or clipped shut to prevent the egg from traveling through the tubes.
- Recovery usually takes 4-6 days.
- Potential adverse effects: damage to the bowel, bladder, or major blood vessels, reaction to anesthesia, improper wound healing or infection, continued pelvic or abdominal pain, failure of the procedure resulting in future unwanted pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy.
Vasectomy (Male)
- A small incision is made to access the vas deferens, the tube the sperm travels from the testicle to the penis, and sealed, tied, or cut.
- After a vasectomy, a male will still ejaculate semen, but there will be no sperm present after 15-20 ejaculations.
- Blocks the sperm made by the testes from reaching the semen.
- Potential adverse effects: bleeding or a blood clot inside the scrotum, blood in semen, bruising of the scrotum, infection of the surgery site, mild pain or discomfort, swelling.
Objectives of Family Planning in Iraq
- Child spacing.
- Reduce the incidence of induced abortions.
- Keep women healthy and fit.
- Control unwanted (unplanned) pregnancy.
- Make a balance between economic resources and increasing population.
Nursing Care in Family Planning Clinic
- Explain the aims of family planning.
- Encourage mothers to access family planning centers.
- Provide family planning services for mothers in far areas.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of family planning, including its significance and the various factors that influence individual choices. This quiz covers different family planning methods, their effectiveness, and personal considerations. Understand the balance between personal, social, and medical factors in family planning decisions.
