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Questions and Answers
What is defined as homicide?
What is defined as homicide?
Which strategy is NOT part of primary prevention?
Which strategy is NOT part of primary prevention?
What characteristic is essential for consent in sexual activities?
What characteristic is essential for consent in sexual activities?
Which is a focus of tertiary prevention?
Which is a focus of tertiary prevention?
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What is a component of secondary prevention strategies?
What is a component of secondary prevention strategies?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of violence against children?
Which of the following is NOT a type of violence against children?
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What is a common indicator of physical abuse in children?
What is a common indicator of physical abuse in children?
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Which type of neglect involves failure to provide necessary educational support?
Which type of neglect involves failure to provide necessary educational support?
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What describes emotional abuse in children?
What describes emotional abuse in children?
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Which of the following can be an indicator of sexual abuse?
Which of the following can be an indicator of sexual abuse?
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What characterizes Munchausen’s Syndrome by Proxy in children?
What characterizes Munchausen’s Syndrome by Proxy in children?
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Which behavior reflects neglect in children?
Which behavior reflects neglect in children?
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Which of the following is an example of intrafamilial sexual abuse?
Which of the following is an example of intrafamilial sexual abuse?
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What best defines a crisis in the context of family dynamics?
What best defines a crisis in the context of family dynamics?
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Which of the following are included in the main categories of crisis?
Which of the following are included in the main categories of crisis?
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What is a common misconception about coping strategies in a crisis?
What is a common misconception about coping strategies in a crisis?
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Which option accurately describes the 'cycle of violence' in spousal abuse?
Which option accurately describes the 'cycle of violence' in spousal abuse?
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How can community health nurses assist families during crises?
How can community health nurses assist families during crises?
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What triggers a crisis within a family system?
What triggers a crisis within a family system?
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What approach is NOT effective during crises according to community health practices?
What approach is NOT effective during crises according to community health practices?
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What defines 'mistreatment to the elderly' within the context of family crises?
What defines 'mistreatment to the elderly' within the context of family crises?
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What primarily influences how a crisis is perceived by an individual?
What primarily influences how a crisis is perceived by an individual?
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What is a characteristic of a crisis resolution process?
What is a characteristic of a crisis resolution process?
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Which of the following is a type of crisis that occurs due to life transitions?
Which of the following is a type of crisis that occurs due to life transitions?
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What is true about situational crises?
What is true about situational crises?
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What conclusion can be drawn about the duration of a crisis?
What conclusion can be drawn about the duration of a crisis?
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According to the information, what can be a consequence of a maladaptive crisis resolution?
According to the information, what can be a consequence of a maladaptive crisis resolution?
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What does the term 'homeostasis' refer to in the context of crisis?
What does the term 'homeostasis' refer to in the context of crisis?
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Which factor differentiates an anticipated crisis from an unexpected one?
Which factor differentiates an anticipated crisis from an unexpected one?
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What characterizes a multiple crisis?
What characterizes a multiple crisis?
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Which of the following is included in the definition of abuse?
Which of the following is included in the definition of abuse?
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Which of these statements about family violence is true?
Which of these statements about family violence is true?
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What is neglect in the context of family violence?
What is neglect in the context of family violence?
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Which scenario exemplifies a crisis precipitated by a hazardous event?
Which scenario exemplifies a crisis precipitated by a hazardous event?
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What motive is often attributed to the behavior of male abusers?
What motive is often attributed to the behavior of male abusers?
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Why should abused children be protected?
Why should abused children be protected?
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Which of the following is not a type of crisis mentioned?
Which of the following is not a type of crisis mentioned?
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What is the first phase in the cycle of violence?
What is the first phase in the cycle of violence?
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Which of the following is a common characteristic of a batterer?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of a batterer?
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Adult children are most frequently associated with which type of abuse?
Adult children are most frequently associated with which type of abuse?
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Which factor contributes to the risk of elder abuse?
Which factor contributes to the risk of elder abuse?
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In which phase of the cycle of violence does the violence actually occur?
In which phase of the cycle of violence does the violence actually occur?
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What type of abuse is associated with neglecting an elderly person's needs?
What type of abuse is associated with neglecting an elderly person's needs?
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The term 'learned helplessness' refers to what in the context of domestic violence?
The term 'learned helplessness' refers to what in the context of domestic violence?
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Which of the following best describes a consequence of the cycle of violence?
Which of the following best describes a consequence of the cycle of violence?
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Study Notes
Families in Crisis - Lecture Notes
- Lecture 9, 2024-2025
Objectives
- Define crisis
- Describe the main categories of crisis
- Describe the main categories of family violence
- Identify characteristics of the forms of violence
- Describe the "cycle of violence" in spousal abuse
- Explain mistreatment of the elderly
- Describe the role of a community health nurse in preventing and addressing family crises at all levels
Introduction
- Families in crisis require help.
- Community Health Nurses (CHNs) have a crucial role in providing this help.
- Primary and secondary prevention involves assessing families, teaching parenting/coping skills, and providing resources.
- Tertiary prevention, during a crisis, entails assessment, education, and support for families.
Introduction: How Does a Crisis Occur?
- Individuals are dynamic systems within unique environments.
- Behavior maintains balance within the individual and relationships.
- Disruption by internal or external forces disrupts balance and equilibrium resulting in a crisis.
- Individuals try to restore equilibrium using available resources and coping mechanisms. Coping mechanisms involve actions and thought processes to deal with difficult situations.
- Inability to cope effectively leads to a crisis.
- A family crisis is a stressful event disrupting family equilibrium, potentially with or without warning.
- Crises are often triggered by an identifiable event that overwhelms coping skills. This may follow a series of previous difficulties ("the straw that breaks the camel's back").
- Crises occur suddenly sometimes without prior stressors. Crises aren't universal.
- Not every event throws a person off course—it depends on how the individual perceives the event.
Crisis Resolution
- Crises can be resolved positively (gaining strength from challenges) or negatively (feeling overwhelmed, impacting children, causing psychological harm).
- Crisis resolution typically takes place within a few weeks.
- People's need to maintain homeostasis contributes to crises being temporary.
- Adaptive vs. Maladaptive: Crises are resolved either constructively (e.g., a battered wife reevaluates her life, improves self-esteem, and supports her children) or destructively (resulting in illness or death).
Types of Crisis
1. Developmental Crisis
- Disruptions at transition points during normal growth and development that upset normalcy
- Triggered by life transitions (e.g., starting school, marriage, having a baby, retirement, or death).
- Can be anticipated—families may prepare in advance.
- Generally have a gradual onset.
- Related to developmental demands and societal expectations
2. Situational Crisis
- Disruptive events arising from external circumstances, often without warning.
- Events can be positive (e.g., a significant job promotion) or negative (e.g., a child getting burned).
- Require significant behavioral changes and coping strategies beyond usual capacities.
- Examples include illness, unemployment, abuse, divorce, unwanted pregnancy, and accidents to individuals.
3. Multiple Crisis
- Overlapping crises compounding stress on involved persons.
- Examples include those simultaneously experiencing a developmental crisis (birth) and a situational crisis (birth defect).
- Another example involves retirement combined with a house fire.
Family Violence
-
Includes abuse and neglect, encompassing:
- Abuse: Any action (or inaction) by a caregiver causing harm (physical, emotional, or sexual).
- Neglect: Withholding resources (physical, emotional, or educational) needed for healthy development.
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Common across all income levels.
-
A global public health issue.
-
Abused women rarely confront the abuser.
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Abused children demand protection.
-
Domestic violence often involves a pattern of abuse (cycle of violence).
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Abusers are typically male although not exclusively.
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Violence is sometimes present in love relationships, even when the abuser isn't under substance influence.
-
Children and women are not property.
Family Violence Against Children
- Includes physical, mental/emotional, sexual abuse, and neglect.
- Physical punishment/battering.
- Mental/emotional abuse.
- Sexual exploitation (including incest).
- Neglect (physical, emotional, medical, or educational needs).
- Special situations: Shaken Baby Syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy
Family Violence Against Spouses
- A major cause of morbidity and mortality in women.
- Rooted in childhood violence.
- Used as a control tactic.
- Can involve any gender but often perpetrated by men.
- Pregnant women are at high risk.
- Includes physical, sexual, emotional, and economic abuse.
- Characterized as a cyclical pattern called the cycle of violence with:
- Tension-building phase: Increased tension.
- Acute battering phase: Violence incident.
- Loving reconciliation phase: Calm after violence.
Characteristics of Batterers (Abusers)
- Low self-esteem.
- Blame the victim (traditionalist view).
- Severe stress reaction.
- Jealous.
- Dual personality (as a coping mechanism).
- Use violence to control or enhance self-esteem.
- History of family violence.
- Preoccupation with weapons.
Violence Against the Elderly
- Research on elder abuse is still developing.
- Frequently perpetrated by adult children, often men with past conflicts.
- Spousal violence sometimes doesn't stop when one becomes elderly.
- A global public health issue. Has many types.
Types of elder abuse include:
- Physical (hitting, slapping).
- Emotional (threatening, yelling).
- Neglect (not meeting needs).
- Economic (stealing money).
- Sexual.
Risk Factors for Elder Abuse
- Invisibility (lack of community contact).
- Increased dependency.
- Impairment and isolation.
- Poverty.
- Pathologic caregiving (e.g., caregiver has mental health issues).
- Learned helplessness.
- Living in a violent community.
- Deteriorating housing/crime-ridden neighborhoods.
Other Forms of Family Violence
- Suicide: Taking action to end one's life.
- Homicide: Non-war related killing of another.
- Rape: Sexual intercourse/penetration without consent.
Violence and Prevention Levels
A. Primary Prevention
- Aim to prevent violent situations by promoting holistic health, skills, and resources to families.
- Include increasing problem-solving skills, improving self-esteem, identifying needs, empowering families, and raising awareness of their strengths through home visits and education.
B. Secondary Prevention
- Identify cases of violence.
- Provide immediate services (medical, emotional support, police involvement).
- Utilize crisis intervention models.
- Help clients rebuild safety and security, allowing them to express and validate their feelings.
- Access to/promote access to specific services.
C. Tertiary Prevention
- Rehabilitation of the family, potentially involving separated or incarcerated persons.
Prevention Matrix
- Includes primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention.
- Emphasizes health promotion, education, disease prevention & crisis resolution interventions.
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Description
Explore the intricate dynamics of families in crisis, focusing on different categories of crises, family violence, and the vital role of Community Health Nurses. This lecture highlights prevention strategies and the cycle of violence in spousal abuse, along with addressing the mistreatment of the elderly. A comprehensive look at how families can be supported during challenging times.
