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Questions and Answers
What phenomenon did Kassin and Kiechel (1996) primarily investigate in their study?
What phenomenon did Kassin and Kiechel (1996) primarily investigate in their study?
Which key was central to the experiment conducted by Kassin and Kiechel?
Which key was central to the experiment conducted by Kassin and Kiechel?
What does the term 'confabulation' refer to in the context of the ALT Key Experiment?
What does the term 'confabulation' refer to in the context of the ALT Key Experiment?
What was the main conclusion regarding the behavior of participants in Kassin and Kiechel's study?
What was the main conclusion regarding the behavior of participants in Kassin and Kiechel's study?
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How does the external validity of Kassin and Kiechel's findings relate to real-life situations?
How does the external validity of Kassin and Kiechel's findings relate to real-life situations?
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What is the main idea behind the concept of Forensic Confirmation Bias?
What is the main idea behind the concept of Forensic Confirmation Bias?
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In the research by Kukucka & Kassin (2014), what factor influenced the perception of handwriting evidence?
In the research by Kukucka & Kassin (2014), what factor influenced the perception of handwriting evidence?
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According to Kassin, Bogart & Kerner (2012), what proportion of confession cases contained multiple errors?
According to Kassin, Bogart & Kerner (2012), what proportion of confession cases contained multiple errors?
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What did Lange et al (2011) study reveal about how individuals perceive degraded speech?
What did Lange et al (2011) study reveal about how individuals perceive degraded speech?
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What was a significant finding related to cognitive biases highlighted by Itiel Dror's research on forensic experts?
What was a significant finding related to cognitive biases highlighted by Itiel Dror's research on forensic experts?
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What effect does the camera perspective have on perceptions of coercion during interrogations?
What effect does the camera perspective have on perceptions of coercion during interrogations?
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What is the recommended time limit for interrogations to avoid false confessions?
What is the recommended time limit for interrogations to avoid false confessions?
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Which of the following is a suggested reform to interrogation practices mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is a suggested reform to interrogation practices mentioned in the content?
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What is one of the main reasons for banning minimization strategies during interrogations?
What is one of the main reasons for banning minimization strategies during interrogations?
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How do the perspectives of viewers influence their attribution of influence during a conversation?
How do the perspectives of viewers influence their attribution of influence during a conversation?
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What percentage of wrongful convictions involved false confessions?
What percentage of wrongful convictions involved false confessions?
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Which psychological effect influences a person's judgment of trustworthiness based on facial appearance?
Which psychological effect influences a person's judgment of trustworthiness based on facial appearance?
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How many exonerations of wrongly convicted individuals occurred in the USA in the past 30 years?
How many exonerations of wrongly convicted individuals occurred in the USA in the past 30 years?
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Which method is primarily emphasized for its influence on false confessions?
Which method is primarily emphasized for its influence on false confessions?
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What was the largest cause of wrongful convictions recorded?
What was the largest cause of wrongful convictions recorded?
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What historical case is noted as one of the first known false confessions?
What historical case is noted as one of the first known false confessions?
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What factor significantly influences people's early evaluations of others?
What factor significantly influences people's early evaluations of others?
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What percentage of homicide cases involve false confessions?
What percentage of homicide cases involve false confessions?
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What characterizes a voluntary false confession?
What characterizes a voluntary false confession?
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What motivates an individual to make a voluntary false confession?
What motivates an individual to make a voluntary false confession?
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In which type of false confession do suspects acknowledge they are admitting to a crime they did not commit due to social pressure?
In which type of false confession do suspects acknowledge they are admitting to a crime they did not commit due to social pressure?
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What is a common result of coerced-internalized false confessions?
What is a common result of coerced-internalized false confessions?
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Which case exemplified the coerced-compliant false confession approach?
Which case exemplified the coerced-compliant false confession approach?
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Which of the following factors is categorized under dispositional risk factors leading to false confessions?
Which of the following factors is categorized under dispositional risk factors leading to false confessions?
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What can create a psychological state leading to a coerced-internalized false confession?
What can create a psychological state leading to a coerced-internalized false confession?
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What is often a mistaken belief when a suspect offers a coerced-compliant false confession?
What is often a mistaken belief when a suspect offers a coerced-compliant false confession?
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What is the primary goal of an interrogation after a suspect is identified?
What is the primary goal of an interrogation after a suspect is identified?
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What issue arises from first impressions during interrogations?
What issue arises from first impressions during interrogations?
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Which method is characterized by a non-confrontational approach and aims to gather as much information as possible?
Which method is characterized by a non-confrontational approach and aims to gather as much information as possible?
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In the study by Kassin, Goldstein, and Savitsky, what effect did informing the interrogators that 'most are guilty' have?
In the study by Kassin, Goldstein, and Savitsky, what effect did informing the interrogators that 'most are guilty' have?
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What is the aim of the 'Account, Clarify and Challenge' stage in the PEACE process?
What is the aim of the 'Account, Clarify and Challenge' stage in the PEACE process?
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What happens to the false confession rate when using the PEACE method compared to traditional methods?
What happens to the false confession rate when using the PEACE method compared to traditional methods?
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Which experimental study illustrated the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy in interrogations?
Which experimental study illustrated the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy in interrogations?
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The success of the PEACE method is described as what in terms of overall confession rates?
The success of the PEACE method is described as what in terms of overall confession rates?
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Study Notes
False Confessions
- False confessions are more common than typically presumed
- A confession is an admission by a defendant in a criminal proceeding
- The general rule is a confession is admissible evidence against the person who made it
- A confession is unreliable if there is physical impossibility of committing the crime
- The real perpetrator might be found and their guilt objectively demonstrated(e.g., DNA)
- The confession may be unreliable if there is evidence demonstrating the defendant's innocence (e.g., DNA)
Types of False Confessions
- Voluntary: Made without external pressure; person confesses willingly
- Coerced-compliant: Made to escape interrogation or to receive a benefit
- Coerced-internalized: The suspect comes to believe they committed the crime
Causes of False Confessions
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Dispositional factors:
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Adolescence/immaturity: Impulsivity, less consideration of long-term consequences, and higher susceptibility to outside influences
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Intellectual disability: Heightened susceptibility to influence, reliance on authority figures, short attention span
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Personality/psychopathology: Antisocial personality disorder, less concern for consequences, tendency to lie for short-term gain
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Situational factors:
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Presentation of false evidence: The suspect is shown false evidence that they committed the crime
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Minimization/maximization: Interrogators make the crime seem less severe
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Physical custodial isolation: Extended interrogation outside familiar surroundings
The Interview and Interrogation
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Miranda Rights (USA) vs. Police Caution (UK):
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USA: You do not have to say anything unless you wish to do so
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UK: You do not have to say anything unless you wish to do so. But it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something what you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may become evidence during the trial. Right for attorney.
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Reid Technique (Phase 1 BAI): A non-confrontational phase to detect deception, using a list of cues of deception.
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Reid Technique (Phase 2 Confrontational): A confrontational phase, with a specifically designed room (small, windowless, soundproof, 2 armless chairs,1 desk, 1-way mirror). 9 steps of interrogating
The alternative - PEACE method (UK)
- Developed because of PACE (Police & Criminal Evidence Act, 1984)
- Non-confrontational; Gets as much info from suspect as possible.
- Cognitive interview/conversation management: used differently for cooperative and non-cooperative suspects.
Other
- Four possible outcomes during interrogations including false denials and false confessions
- The problems with 1st impressions (Solomon Asch experiments)
- The effects on the alibi witnesses (Marion et al 2016)
- The importance of Video recordings
- The effect of time limit on interrogations.
- The importance of Video recordings of interrogations
- Perceptual Salience (Fiske & Taylor, 1975); Camera perspective.
- Forensic Confirmation Bias
Test of the Corruptive Confessions Hypotheses and Conclusion
- Archival analysis showing increased false confession errors when multiple errors
- DNA exonerated individuals from False confession
- The effects of various factors (forensic expert testimony etc)
- Importance for policy, and potential solutions
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Description
Explore the complex issue of false confessions in criminal law. This quiz covers the types, causes, and reliability of confessions, providing insights into why individuals may admit to crimes they did not commit. Analyze real-world implications and understand the factors contributing to this phenomenon.
