Fallacies of Reasoning
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a position paper?

  • To present a personal reaction to an issue
  • To persuade the readers with valid and defensible opinions (correct)
  • To gain new knowledge on a particular topic
  • To present a collection of diverse sources

What should be the basis of a position paper's argument?

  • A surface reading of the topic
  • Other factors beyond personal opinions and feelings (correct)
  • Only personal opinions and feelings
  • A passionate personal reaction to the issue

What is the key difference between a position paper and a research paper?

  • The tone of the paper
  • The number of topics covered
  • The length of the paper
  • The purpose of the paper (correct)

What should a position paper exhibit?

<p>An intensive analysis of a philosophical thesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should a position paper not be based solely on personal opinions?

<p>Because personal opinions are not objective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum requirement for a strong argument in a position paper?

<p>Having multiple sides to the argument (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the logical fallacy that occurs when someone assumes that one event must have caused a later event simply because it happened after the other?

<p>Post hoc fallacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fallacy that ignores the original argument and then substitutes it by a distorted version of it?

<p>Straw man fallacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fallacy that presents limited choices as the only possibilities when more options exist?

<p>False dilemma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fallacy that occurs when someone argues that a certain action or proposition will lead to an undesirable outcome via a series of events, without providing adequate evidence?

<p>Slippery slope fallacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle to avoid faulty connections in arguments?

<p>Draw conclusions only with sufficient evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of evidence is an essay that expounds a standpoint of an author or specified entity about an issue?

<p>Textual evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a researcher?

<p>To contribute to new knowledge or perspectives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for a written piece to be considered well-organized?

<p>To have a clear purpose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of cohesion in writing?

<p>Flowing from one point to the other (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a substantively correct written piece?

<p>It is based on facts and credible sources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a counter argument in a written piece?

<p>To present an opposing view (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential element of the survey research process?

<p>Report writing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fallacy also known as 'You too'?

<p>Tu Quoque (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of the 'Appeal to Hypocrisy' fallacy?

<p>You don't actually believe that smoking is bad since you smoke too. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fallacy that assumes something is true or good because it is popular?

<p>Appeal to Popularity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of the 'Hasty Generalization' fallacy?

<p>I went on a Paleo diet for 3 months and lost weight. Anyone who goes on a Paleo diet will lose weight. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fallacy that involves discrediting an idea based on the people or groups associated with it?

<p>Guilty by Association (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of the 'False Cause' fallacy?

<p>I went on a Paleo diet for 3 months and lost weight. It must be because of the diet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting observations in research?

<p>To gather primary data from the field (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you are unsure about the relevance and appropriateness of your report?

<p>Consult an expert or a professional in the field (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of rereading your findings and conclusions?

<p>To ensure the accuracy and validity of your results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of outlining the headings in a report?

<p>To organize the structure of the report (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you consider when deciding on the tone of the report?

<p>The level of formality required (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the report-writing process?

<p>Recommending actions to the stakeholders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Position paper

A type of writing that aims to persuade readers to accept a specific viewpoint by presenting strong arguments supported by relevant evidence.

Basis of arguments in a position paper

The arguments presented in a position paper should be based on logical reasoning, evidence, and well-established facts, rather than purely personal opinions or feelings.

Key difference between position and research papers

The main goal of a position paper is to persuade the reader to adopt the author's viewpoint, while research papers aim to explore and analyze a topic objectively.

What a position paper should exhibit

A strong position paper demonstrates a deep understanding of the chosen topic and a thorough analysis of all sides of the argument.

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Why personal opinions are not enough for a position paper

Personal opinions are subjective and influenced by individual beliefs. A position paper needs to be objective and supported by evidence.

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Minimum requirement for a strong argument in a position paper

To present a strong argument, a position paper needs to acknowledge and analyze multiple perspectives on the issue, not just the author's own.

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Post hoc fallacy

This fallacy occurs when someone wrongly assumes that because one event happened after another, the first event must have caused the second.

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Straw man fallacy

This fallacy involves misrepresenting or distorting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.

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False dilemma fallacy

This fallacy presents a limited number of options as the only possibilities when other valid options exist.

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Slippery slope fallacy

This fallacy claims that taking a specific action will inevitably lead to a chain of negative consequences, often without sufficient evidence.

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Avoiding faulty connections in arguments

To avoid faulty connections in arguments, it's crucial to draw conclusions only when supported by strong and relevant evidence.

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Textual evidence

Textual evidence refers to using quotes, summaries, or paraphrases from published sources to support your arguments in a position paper.

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Primary goal of a researcher

The primary goal of a researcher is to contribute new knowledge, insights, and perspectives to a particular field.

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Essential for a well-organized written piece

For a written piece to be considered well-organized, it needs to have a clear and well-defined purpose or objective.

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Important aspect of cohesion in writing

Cohesion in writing refers to the smooth flow and logical connection between different parts of the text, making it easy for the reader to follow the ideas presented.

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Key characteristic of a substantively correct written piece

A substantively correct written piece is one that is based on factual information and credible sources, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the content.

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Primary purpose of a counter-argument

The purpose of a counter-argument is to present an opposing viewpoint to the author's main argument, demonstrating a balanced and well-rounded understanding of the issue.

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Essential element of the survey research process

The report writing stage is a crucial part of the survey research process, where the collected data and findings are organized and presented in a clear and informative manner.

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Tu Quoque fallacy

The 'Tu Quoque' fallacy is a form of appeal to hypocrisy where someone tries to discredit an argument by pointing out that the person making the argument is also guilty of the same behavior.

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Appeal to Hypocrisy fallacy

This fallacy occurs when someone tries to dismiss an argument by pointing out that the person making the argument engages in the same behavior they are criticizing.

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Appeal to Popularity fallacy

This fallacy argues that something must be true or good because it is popular or widely accepted, without considering the evidence or logic.

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Hasty Generalization fallacy

This fallacy draws a conclusion based on a limited or unrepresentative sample, leading to an inaccurate generalization.

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Guilty by Association fallacy

This fallacy discredits an idea by associating it with undesirable people or groups, without considering the actual merits of the idea.

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False Cause fallacy

This fallacy wrongly attributes a cause to an event based on a perceived connection, often without sufficient evidence.

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Primary purpose of conducting observations

Observations are conducted to gather firsthand data directly from the field, providing valuable insights into the real-world phenomenon being investigated.

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Action to take when unsure about report relevance

When unsure about the relevance and appropriateness of your report, seeking guidance from an expert or professional in the field can ensure its quality and accuracy.

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Significance of rereading findings

Rereading your findings and conclusions thoroughly helps to ensure their accuracy, validity, and consistency with the research data gathered.

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Purpose of outlining headings in a report

Outlining the headings in a report helps to organize the structure and flow of information, making it easy for readers to navigate and understand the content.

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Considerations for report tone

When deciding the tone of your report, it's crucial to consider the level of formality expected by your audience and the context of the report.

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Final step in the report-writing process

Recommending actions based on the findings of the report allows the stakeholders to make informed decisions and take appropriate steps to address the issues raised.

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