Fall Exam Review - Body Systems and Skeletal System
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following cells are responsible for bone formation?

  • Osteoclasts
  • Chondrocytes
  • Osteoblasts (correct)
  • Osteocytes

The growth plate is located at the end of long bones.

True (A)

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.

The primary function of the __________ system is to transport nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.

<p>cardiovascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bone types with their characteristics:

<p>Compact bone = Dense and forms the outer layer of bones Spongy bone = Lightweight and contains bone marrow Yellow bone marrow = Stores fat Red bone marrow = Produces blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral's concentration is primarily regulated by bone remodeling?

<p>Calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All joints in the human body allow for a full range of motion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one effect of Vitamin D on bone health.

<p>Vitamin D helps in the absorption of calcium, which is vital for bone strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues primarily aid the Integumentary system in its functions?

<p>Epithelial and connective tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Food allergies involve an immune response while food intolerances are solely digestive issues.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the urinary system in relation to the digestive system?

<p>The urinary system helps regulate the balance of water and electrolytes, which is essential for the proper functioning of the digestive system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of _______________ involves moving substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

<p>passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the body systems to their examples of maintaining homeostasis:

<p>Respiratory = Regulates blood pH Urinary = Maintains fluid balance Circulatory = Distributes nutrients and oxygen Immune = Defends against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of the bronchioles?

<p>Thin-walled with smooth muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic cough due to smoking is beneficial as it helps to clear mucus from the respiratory tract.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how calcium is absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream.

<p>Calcium is absorbed from the small intestine's epithelial lining through active transport, then travels through the blood vessels to reach different parts of the body, including the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The major tissue type missing in the bones of individuals with brittle bone disease is ___________.

<p>collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when antibodies are introduced to a person bitten by a snake to provide immunity?

<p>Passive immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the skeletal system is false?

<p>Osteoclasts are responsible for bone formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The central canal in an osteon is responsible for housing blood vessels and nerves.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two main influences on bone health?

<p>Calcium and Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ___________ is the part of the long bone that contains yellow bone marrow.

<p>medullary cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bone cells with their functions:

<p>Osteoblast = Bone formation Osteoclast = Bone resorption Osteocyte = Bone maintenance Chondrocyte = Cartilage formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axial skeleton includes the bones of the limbs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does bone growth primarily occur in long bones?

<p>At the epiphyseal plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of incorporating weight-bearing exercises into a fitness routine?

<p>It triggers osteoblasts to build bone density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcium is essential for the structural integrity of bones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant nutritional contributor to bone loss?

<p>A low calcium diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the part of the digestive system where protein digestion primarily occurs.

<p>stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the digestive process with the nutrient:

<p>Carbohydrates = Mouth and small intestine Proteins = Stomach and small intestine Lipids = Small intestine Mechanical breakdown = Mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?

<p>Artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left ventricle of the heart is less muscular than the right ventricle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the chordae tendineae in the heart?

<p>To hold the valves in place and prevent backflow of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ is the initial site for carbohydrate digestion.

<p>mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body component is responsible for signaling ventricular contraction?

<p>AV node (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inadequate physical activity does not affect bone density.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nutritional element is primarily missing in individuals with brittle bone disease?

<p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood vessels moving toward the heart are called __________.

<p>veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the part of the body where stem cells for blood cells are produced.

<p>Bone marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The small intestine is where lipids are primarily digested.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of T cell is responsible for injecting DCO with chemicals to kill infected cells?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination only stimulates secondary immune responses in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two key differences between primary and secondary immune responses.

<p>The primary immune response is the first encounter with an antigen and takes longer to develop, while the secondary immune response occurs with subsequent encounters and is faster and more efficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Breast milk provides __________ immunity to infants by delivering antibodies from the mother.

<p>passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the immune response types with their characteristics:

<p>Active Immunity = Long-term protection with memory cells Passive Immunity = Immediate but short-term protection Primary Response = Initial response to a pathogen Secondary Response = Faster response due to memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of macrophages in the immune system?

<p>Digest and break down pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taking antibiotics when not needed can contribute to antibiotic resistance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does SIR stand for in the context of infectious disease modeling?

<p>Susceptible, Infected, Recovered</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ response occurs every time the body encounters the same DCO after the initial exposure.

<p>secondary immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a concern some people have about vaccinations?

<p>They can cause autism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Herd immunity can protect vulnerable populations even if they are not vaccinated.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to develop an effective vaccine for influenza?

<p>Because the influenza virus mutates frequently, resulting in new strains with different antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages are often referred to as __________ due to their ability to engulf and digest pathogens.

<p>big eaters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of immunity with their examples:

<p>Active Immunity = Vaccine-induced protection Passive Immunity = Mother's breast milk Natural Active Immunity = Recovery from an infection Artificial Passive Immunity = Injection of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two body systems work together to maintain pH homeostasis?

<p>Respiratory and Urinary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A food allergy involves a digestive issue.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the urinary system in relation to cellular respiration?

<p>The urinary system helps to remove waste products from cellular respiration, such as urea and excess salts, thereby regulating body fluids and electrolytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ system is responsible for transporting nutrients and gases throughout the body.

<p>circulatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the body systems with their specific functions related to homeostasis:

<p>Respiratory = Regulates CO2 levels Urinary = Excretes wastes and regulates fluid balance Endocrine = Releases hormones to control bodily functions Nervous = Coordinates response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common symptom might occur with Crohn's disease due to inflammation in the digestive tract?

<p>Nutritional deficiencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Passive transport requires energy from the cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lymphatic system in adaptive immunity?

<p>The lymphatic system transports lymph, which contains immune cells, aiding the body in fighting infections and building immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells that are primarily involved in adaptive immunity are known as __________.

<p>lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the body process/system to the type of transport used:

<p>Oxygen diffusion into cells = Passive transport Glucose absorption in the intestines = Active transport Reabsorption of water in kidneys = Passive transport Sodium-potassium pump function = Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological purpose of a smoker's chronic cough?

<p>To clear mucus from the respiratory tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Breast milk provides direct immunity against all pathogens.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to calcium absorbed from the small intestine after entering the bloodstream?

<p>It travels through the hepatic portal vein to the liver, where it can be used for various functions, such as bone health or blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A side effect of medications to calm an overactive bladder may lead to __________.

<p>constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type primarily composes the capillary walls?

<p>Epithelial tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the SA node in the heart?

<p>Signals for atrial contraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'dub' sound occurs due to the snapping shut of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessel has valves?

<p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood pressure is measured using a __________.

<p>cuff</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood cells are primarily involved in fighting diseases?

<p>White blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All blood types have the same antigens.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

<p>To transport lymph and aid the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary role of __________ is to absorb excess interstitial fluid.

<p>lymph capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when histamine is released in the body?

<p>Capillaries become more permeable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the blood components to their functions:

<p>Red blood cells = Transport oxygen White blood cells = Fight infections Platelets = Aid in clotting Plasma = Carry nutrients and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tonsils are now removed more frequently than in the past.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of blood coagulation?

<p>The process involves platelets forming a plug to prevent blood loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thymus is where __________ mature.

<p>T-lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that cancer may be spreading in the body?

<p>Swollen lymph nodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do veins have valves?

<p>To prevent backflow of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone, containing yellow bone marrow.

Epiphysis

The ends of a long bone, containing red bone marrow.

Articular cartilage

The hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a joint, allowing for smooth movement.

Periosteum

A tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bone.

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Osteon

A cylindrical structure in compact bone, containing a central canal with blood vessels and nerves.

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Osteoblasts

Bone cells responsible for bone formation.

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Osteoclasts

Bone cells responsible for bone resorption (breakdown).

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Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures due to insufficient bone remodeling.

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Adaptive Immunity

A type of immunity that develops after exposure to an antigen, such as a pathogen or vaccine. It involves the production of specific antibodies and memory cells by the immune system.

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Homeostasis

A process where the body maintains a stable internal environment by regulating various physiological processes.

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Active Transport

A type of transport that requires energy to move molecules across cell membranes against their concentration gradient.

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Passive Transport

A type of transport where molecules move across cell membranes passively, without the need for energy. This movement follows the concentration gradient.

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Negative Feedback

A type of feedback mechanism that reduces or reverses a change in the body's internal environment, helping to maintain homeostasis.

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Human Experimentation Ethics

The study of ethical principles that guide research involving human participants.

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Cohort Study

A type of study that follows a group of individuals over time to examine the relationship between specific factors and health outcomes.

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Informed Consent

The process by which a person freely agrees to participate in a research study after being fully informed about its risks and benefits.

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Food Allergy

A condition that occurs when the body's immune system overreacts to certain substances, such as certain foods, pollen, or animal dander, leading to symptoms like hives, swelling, or difficulty breathing.

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Food Intolerance

A condition where the body has difficulty digesting certain foods due to a lack of specific enzymes or other digestive issues, leading to symptoms like gas, bloating, or diarrhea.

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Cartilage

A soft, flexible tissue that provides support and cushioning at joints, allowing for smooth movement.

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Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

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Bone Remodeling

The process of bone formation and breakdown, which helps to maintain bone strength and calcium levels in the body.

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Cellular Respiration

The process of a cell taking in substances from its environment and using them to grow, maintain, and repair itself.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, under high pressure.

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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels where oxygen, nutrients, and waste products are exchanged between the blood and the tissues.

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Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, under low pressure.

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Atrioventricular Valve

A type of valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the atria from the ventricles.

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Semilunar Valve

A type of valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the arteries.

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Chordae Tendineae

Strong fibrous cords that attach to the AV valves and prevent them from being pushed back into the atria.

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Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

A small group of specialized cells in the right atrium that initiate the heartbeat, also known as the 'pacemaker' of the heart.

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Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

A group of specialized cells in the right atrium that receives the electrical signal from the SA node and transmits it to the ventricles.

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Purkinje Fibers

Specialized fibers that conduct the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart, used to diagnose heart problems.

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Systolic

The pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts.

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Diastolic

The pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats.

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells, responsible for fighting infection.

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Plasma

The liquid component of blood, containing water, proteins, and other dissolved substances.

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Memory B-cells

Immune cells that remember the antigens of a DCO (Disease-Causing Organism), allowing for a faster and more effective immune response upon re-exposure.

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Macrophages

Large immune cells that engulf and break down DCOs, essentially recycling them.

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Cell-mediated Immunity

A type of immune response that involves the activation of T-cells, which directly target and destroy infected cells.

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Cytotoxic T-cells

A type of T-cell responsible for releasing chemicals that kill infected cells.

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Helper T-cells

A type of T-cell that activates other immune cells, such as B-cells, to produce antibodies.

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Memory T-cells

A type of T-cell that remembers the antigens of a DCO, allowing for a faster and more effective immune response upon re-exposure.

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Primary Immune Response

The first exposure to a DCO, which takes time for the immune system to mount a response.

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Secondary Immune Response

The subsequent immune response to the same DCO after a primary response, which is much faster and stronger due to the presence of memory cells.

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Active Immunity

Immunity that occurs when your immune system is stimulated by a DCO, resulting in the production of memory cells.

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Passive Immunity

Immunity that occurs when antibodies are transferred to an individual without their immune system being stimulated.

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Vaccine

A biological preparation that stimulates the body's immune system to recognize and fight off a specific DCO.

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Antiviral

A substance that interferes with the growth or reproduction of viruses.

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Antibiotic

A drug that inhibits the growth or reproduction of bacteria.

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Antibody

A protein produced by the immune system in response to a specific antigen.

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Pathogen

A biological agent capable of causing disease.

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What is the "pacemaker" of the heart and why?

The SA node, also known as the sinoatrial node, is located in the right atrium of the heart. It acts as the heart's natural pacemaker by generating electrical impulses that initiate the heart's rhythmic contractions, leading to the pumping of blood throughout the body.

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What makes the "lub" sound in the heartbeat?

The "lub" sound is produced when the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close, preventing backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria. This occurs during ventricular contraction.

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What makes the "dub" sound in the heartbeat?

The "dub" sound is created by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves, preventing backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery back into the ventricles. This occurs during ventricular relaxation.

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What are arteries and their function?

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, typically under high pressure. They have thick elastic walls to withstand pressure.

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What are veins and their function?

Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, typically under lower pressure. They have thinner walls than arteries and have valves to prevent backflow.

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What are capillaries and their function?

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, with thin walls that allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between the blood and surrounding tissues.

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What is systolic blood pressure?

Systolic pressure is the highest pressure measured in the arteries when the heart contracts (beats). It is the top number in a blood pressure reading.

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What is diastolic blood pressure?

Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure measured in the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats. It is the bottom number in a blood pressure reading.

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What is osmotic pressure?

Osmotic pressure is the pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

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How does osmotic pressure affect body fluids?

Osmotic pressure is a critical factor in the movement of fluids between blood and tissues. It helps regulate blood volume and pressure, and plays a role in nutrient and waste exchange.

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What are red blood cells and their function?

Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues through the protein hemoglobin. They have a biconcave shape for maximum surface area and flexibility to squeeze through capillaries.

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What are white blood cells and their function?

White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are part of the immune system and are responsible for fighting infections. They engulf pathogens, produce antibodies, and signal to other immune cells to respond.

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What are platelets and their function?

Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. They stick to damaged blood vessels and release substances that create a clot to stop bleeding.

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What is plasma and its function?

Plasma is the liquid component of blood, mostly composed of water. It carries blood cells, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and clotting factors.

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Why are there different blood types?

Blood types exist due to different proteins (antigens) on the surface of red blood cells. The + or - refers to the presence or absence of the Rh factor, another protein on the cell surface.

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How does an agglutination assay determine blood type?

An agglutination assay is a test used to determine blood type. It involves mixing blood with antibodies specific to different blood antigens. Agglutination (clumping) occurs if the antibodies bind to the antigens, indicating the presence of that specific blood type.

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Study Notes

Exam Review - Fall Exam

  • Exam format: Multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, short answer, drawing, and essay. Emphasis on integrated function of multiple body systems.
  • Review recommendations: Review previous review materials (Tests 1-3), cumulative exam questions, course goals/themes, and study recommendations. Review all body systems: Scientific method, Homeostasis, Chemistry of life, Cell structure/function, Body Organization (cells, tissues), Integumentary, Cardiovascular (heart, vessels, blood), Lymphatic, Immune, Digestive/nutrition, Respiratory, Urinary, Skeletal.

Skeletal System Review

  • Bone Components: Growth (epiphyseal) plate, Yellow bone marrow, Hyaline cartilage, Osteocyte, Osteoclast, Osteoblast, Osteon, Trabeculae, Red bone marrow, Chondrocyte, Spongy bone, Compact bone, Medullary cavity, Central canal, Periosteum.
  • Skeletal System Functions: Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral storage (calcium & phosphorus).
  • Long Bone Structure: Cartilage, Spongy bone, Compact bone, Osteocytes, Bone matrix, Chambers, Canals, Blood vessels, Nerves, Yellow and red bone marrow.
  • Bone Organization: Osteons surround medullary cavity; compact and spongy bone arrangement for strength and flexibility.
  • Bone Strength/Flexibility: Collagen plus calcium phosphate.
  • Bone Growth/Repair: Process: Osteoclasts break down old bone; osteoblasts build new bone. Osteoporosis: Reduced bone density, impacting strength. Cartilage and spongy/compact bone involvement in growth and repair.
  • Bone Growth Mechanism: Occurs at growth plates in the epiphyses.
  • Mineral Regulated by Bone Remodeling: Calcium (controlled by hormones).
  • Joints: Basic joint types and function.
  • Cartilage Roles: Cushioning between bones, promoting smooth joint movement.
  • Bone Health Influences: Growth Hormone (GH), Calcium, Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Calcitonin.
  • Axial/Appendicular Skeleton: (Recall bone names, locations).
  • Healthy Bone Habits: Diet and activity for maintaining bone health and reducing osteoporosis risk.

Ethical and Scientific Method Questions

  • Image of God: Exam questions on theological concepts, moral decisions.
  • Moral Reasoning: Review different ethical theories (autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, natural law, utilitarian, deontological, virtue) and their application to moral choices, with examples.
  • System Integration: Explain how two body systems function together using diagrams. Examples must include specific examples and a functional diagram for each section.
  • Extracellular Matrix Usage: Explain and diagram how extracellular matrix relates to functions in a body system. (Diagram needed).
  • Active/Passive Transport: Draw and describe diagrams for processes of specific body systems, using labels for clarity and detail.
  • Homeostasis Examples: Explain how body systems work together to maintain homeostasis (with examples and diagrams).
  • Capillary Tissue/Respiratory System: Explain/Draw diagrams describing how capillary tissue type influences respiratory system.
  • Urinary/Digestive/Cellular Respiration: Discuss urinary system's role in relation to digestive system and cellular respiration.
  • Passive Transport Examples: Draw and describe diagrams of passive transport examples from multiple body systems with connections between them.
  • Immune/Respiratory/Pneumonia: Describe the immune system's role in respiratory function, and pneumonia.
  • Respiratory/Urinary pH Balance: Explain how these systems maintain body pH homeostasis.
  • Food Intolerance/Allergy: Differentiate food intolerance and food allergy (immune response vs. digestion).
  • Blood Control on Breathing: Explain how the bloodstream influences breathing rate and depth.
  • Calcium Movement: Describe the pathway of calcium absorbed in the small intestine, its travel to the liver, and roles in the body after liver interaction.
  • Bronchioles, Small Intestine, Ureters: Compare and contrast tube structures, explaining how their structure allows optimal function (diagrams required).
  • Negative Feedback (Homeostasis): Describe negative feedback examples from multiple systems, or a single example involving multiple systems.
  • Human Experimentation: Discuss ethical/scientific pros and cons of human experimentation, with examples.
  • Cohort Studies: Review normal phases (including informed consent), of a cohort study.
  • Cellular Respiration: Draw and discuss how oxygen and glucose reach a cell, and how a heart attack influences cellular respiration.
  • Smoker's Cough: Explain why smokers develop chronic cough; contrast this with non-smokers' likelihood.
  • Snake Bite Anti-Venom: Explain how antibodies provide protection against venom upon repeated exposure.
  • Lymphatic/Immune/Circulatory Immunity: Explain how these systems give adaptive immunity, and how vaccines use this process.
  • Breast Milk/Rubella Vaccine: Explain the difference in immunity from breast milk antibodies vs. vaccination.
  • Crohn's Disease: Explain probable symptoms and scar tissue formation in the intestines.
  • Overactive Bladder/Constipation (meds): Explain bladder muscle type and potential side effects of bladder control drugs.
  • Bone Repair/Strength: Positive habits for bone health (nutrition/activity).
  • Bone Loss: Negative habits for bone health (nutrition/activity).
  • Brittle Bone Disease: Describe the collagen deficiency in brittle bone disease and its effect on bone breakage.
  • Axial Skeleton: Review skull bones (22 + 6 ear bones + 1 hyoid), cranium bones (occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid), sutures (coronal, lambdoid, squamous, sagittal), facial bones (nasal, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine, maxilla, mandible), hyoid, ribs, sternum, vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx), and their features.
  • Appendicular Skeleton: Review upper (shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula, arm - humerus, forearm - ulna, radius, wrist - carpals, hand - metacarpals, fingers - phalanges) and lower (pelvic girdle - os coxa, thigh - femur, knee - patella, leg - tibia, fibula, ankle - tarsals, foot - metatarsals, toes - phalanges) extremities.

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Prepare for your fall exam with this comprehensive review focused on the integrated functions of multiple body systems. The quiz covers essential topics including the scientific method, homeostasis, and detailed aspects of the skeletal system. Make sure to brush up on your knowledge of bone components and system interactions to excel in your exam.

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