Faith and Evangelization
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Questions and Answers

What did Hippocrates believe was the primary cause of deviant behavior?

  • Environmental factors only
  • Genetic inheritance
  • Brain pathology (correct)
  • Supernatural influences

    • Which mental illness did Hippocrates classify as melancholia?

  • Alcoholic delirium
  • Brain fever
  • Sadness or depression (correct)
  • Paranoia

    • What treatment did Hippocrates NOT recommend for melancholia?

  • Punishment (correct)
  • Abstinence from sexual activity
  • Bloodletting
  • Tranquility

    • According to the Hippocratic Galenic approach, which bodily humor is associated with the liver?

    <p>Yellow bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Middle Ages, which view was primarily emphasized over natural explanations for mental illness?

    <p>Supernatural explanations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common belief about illnesses during the Dark Ages?

    <p>They were attributed to supernatural forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Plato believe families played in the behavior of mentally disturbed individuals?

    <p>They were not responsible and should not punish them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT one of Hippocrates' recommended treatments for restoring balance in humors?

    <p>Intense exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What actions were commonly taken against suspected witches during the witch hunts?

    <p>They were tortured for confessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Johann Weyer argue regarding individuals accused of witchcraft?

    <p>Many were mentally disturbed rather than possessed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the rise of humanism on the treatment of mentally ill individuals?

    <p>They were treated as sick individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the term 'bedlam' in relation to mental health?

    <p>An asylum known for cruel treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes humanism?

    <p>A philosophical movement emphasizing human welfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common practice was associated with asylums before the rise of humanism?

    <p>Chaining and starving patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism did Johann Weyer's book face upon publication?

    <p>It faced severe criticism from the church and state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant misconception about individuals who displayed peculiar actions during the witch hunts?

    <p>They were most often mentally disturbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did religious monks usually treat the mentally ill?

    <p>With compassion through rest and prayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main reasons for brutal treatments of the mentally ill during this period?

    <p>Belief in illness as a punishment for sin or possession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized tarantism during the early 13th century?

    <p>Agitation and frenzied dancing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term was used to describe the spread of symptoms believed to be caused by mass madness in Europe?

    <p>Saint Vitus's dance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What societal conditions may have contributed to outbreaks of mass hysteria in the 13th century?

    <p>War, famine, and the bubonic plague</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the 15th through 17th centuries, what was a significant challenge to the Catholic Church?

    <p>Social and religious reforms questioning its authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Church respond to attacks against its practices?

    <p>By suppressing dissent and blaming Satan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the belief in witchcraft still present in modern times?

    <p>It continues to exist in various forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary belief about abnormal behavior in prehistoric and ancient times?

    <p>Abnormal behaviors were attributed to demonic possession.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment was commonly practiced to address demonic possession in ancient cultures?

    <p>Trephination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments was used during exorcism to expel evil spirits?

    <p>Extreme measures like flogging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Hippocrates contribute to the understanding of mental disorders?

    <p>He linked mental illnesses to physical health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a prevailing view of mental disorders during Greco-Roman times?

    <p>They were attributed to imbalances in bodily fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the significant treatments recommended by Galen for mental illness?

    <p>Bloodletting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom was commonly attributed to evil spirits in ancient beliefs?

    <p>Severe headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common misconception about the nature of mental illness in ancient times?

    <p>It was caused by external supernatural forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change did Philippe Pinel bring to the treatment of mentally disturbed individuals?

    <p>He removed patients' chains and encouraged humane treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one contribution of Dorothea Dix to the moral treatment movement?

    <p>She campaigned for reform legislation and improved mental hospital funding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual is known as the 'father of U.S. psychiatry'?

    <p>Benjamin Rush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the biological viewpoint of mental illness?

    <p>Mental disorders have physiological causes or damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the aim of the moral treatment movement?

    <p>To promote humane treatment and respect for mental patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which publication energized the moral treatment movement in 1908?

    <p>A Mind That Found Itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary characteristic of the 'moral treatment' methodology implemented by William Tuke?

    <p>Encouragement of work, prayer, and discussion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wilhelm Griesinger is known for advocating which viewpoint on mental disorders?

    <p>They have physiological causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior

    • Prehistoric and Ancient Beliefs:

      • Illness often attributed to demonic possession, sorcery, or ancestral spirit retribution.
      • Symptoms such as convulsions or headaches seen as evil spirits within.
      • Treatments:
        • Trephination: Chipping away skull to release evil spirits.
        • Exorcism involving elaborate prayers, flogging, or starvation.

    • Naturalistic Explanations: Greco-Roman Thought:

      • Hippocrates: Identified brain as central to intellectual activity, linking deviant behavior to brain pathology; classified mental illnesses into mania, melancholia, and phrenitis.
        • Recommended tranquility, moderate exercise, and a careful diet for treatment.
      • Plato: Advocated for humane treatment, claiming mental disturbance was a family responsibility.
      • Galen: Contributed to understanding mental functioning through nervous system examination.

    • Hippocratic-Galenic Approach:

      • Proposed the humoral theory: Four basic humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) must be balanced.
      • Treatments aimed at restoring balance through diet, bleeding, or lifestyle changes.

    Reversion to Supernatural Explanations: The Middle Ages

    • Rise of Christianity led to a decline in rational thought; supernatural explanations were re-emphasized.
    • Mentally ill faced harsh treatment, often perceived as punishment for sin, with atonement necessary for relief.
    • Dark Ages: Monastic compassion contrasted with brutal treatments like torturous exorcisms.

    Mass Madness: Thirteenth Century

    • Mass hysteria emerged, characterized by sudden, unexplainable symptoms such as tarantism.
    • Tarantism: Individuals exhibited frenzied dancing, believing themselves bitten by spiders, with phenomena spreading across Europe.
    • Often linked to social unrest, including the bubonic plague and other crises.

    Witchcraft: 15th Through 17th Centuries

    • Social reformers challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, leading to increased witchcraft accusations.
    • Suspected witches faced torture for confessions; many innocent individuals were executed during witch hunts.

    The Rise of Humanism

    • Shift in perspective on mental illness, advocating for humane treatment rather than possession.
    • Johann Weyer: Challenged beliefs about witchcraft, advocating that many accused were mentally ill.
    • The moral treatment movement proposed humane care for the mentally disturbed, focusing on kindness and respect.

    Moral Treatment Movement: 18th and 19th Centuries

    • Philippe Pinel: Removed chains from patients and encouraged humane treatment in asylums.
    • William Tuke: Established a retreat in York for moral treatment, emphasizing work and rest in a supportive environment.
    • Contributors to the movement:
      • Benjamin Rush: Advocated for respectful treatment and employment in hospitals.
      • Dorothea Dix: Campaigned for mental health reform and funds for hospitals.
      • Clifford Beers: His book "A Mind That Found Itself" highlighted the cruel conditions in asylums, promoting patient rights.

    Causes of Mental Illness: Early Viewpoints

    • Two primary perspectives emerged:
      • Biological Viewpoint: Asserts physiological causes for mental disorders, popularized by Wilhelm Griesinger.
      • Psychological Viewpoint: Emphasizes emotional factors in mental illness, opening discussions on therapeutic approaches.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the themes of faith, guidance, and evangelization as encouraged by St. John Baptist de la Salle. Participants will reflect on their spiritual journey and the importance of stepping out of comfort zones to fulfill their calling. Engage with questions that challenge your understanding of spiritual direction and devotion.

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