Factors influencing mental health problems

Many people have to abandon their homes and seek shelter in other regions when countries are ravaged by ______

One consequence of disaster is the threat to the population's ______

Consequences of disaster that contribute to limited food supply are ______ farms, damaged farm to market roads, and the high price of a limited food supply

Exposure to deaths and catastrophe can be unforgettable to anyone especially to ______

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious psychological condition from extreme trauma that should be addressed as early as possible to prevent a long term emotional ______

From the physical perspective, disaster is defined as a phenomenon that can cause damage to physical elements such as buildings, infrastructures, including people and their ______

Injury and life threats are factors that led most often to mental health problems after exposure to ____________.

The female gender suffers more adverse effects, especially when ____________ are present at home.

Marital relationships are placed under strain due to conflicts between family members or lack of support in the ____________.

Adults in the age range of 40-60 are more stressed after disasters, while children exhibit more stress after disasters than ____________ do.

Social support can weaken after disasters due to stress and the need for members of the support network to get on with their own ____________.

Developing countries are more vulnerable to natural disasters because people live in areas at high risk, the housing is poorly built, and countries lack early warning systems and a strong social safety ____________.

In assessing the aftermath of a disaster, physical damages are essentially considered in ______ recording.

One very important component of the recovery phase, aside from relief services is debriefing or psychological ______ system.

Emotional effects: Shock, terror, irritability, blame, anger, guilt, grief or sadness, numbing, helplessness, loss of pleasure derived from familiar activities, difficulty feeling ______.

Cognitive effects: Impaired concentration, impaired decision-making ability, memory impairment, confusion, nightmares, decreased self-esteem, intrusive thoughts, ______.

Physical effects: Fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia, cardiovascular strain, startle response, hyper arousal, increased physical pain, reduced immune response, ______, gastrointestinal upset, decreased appetite, decreased libido, vulnerability to illness.

Other psychological effects of a disaster are the following: Emotional effects: Shock, terror, irritability, blame, anger, guilt, grief or sadness, numbing, helplessness, loss of pleasure derived from familiar activities, difficulty feeling happy. Cognitive effects: Impaired concentration, impaired decision-making ability, memory impairment, confusion, nightmares, decreased self-esteem, intrusive thoughts, dissociation. Physical effects: Fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia, cardiovascular strain, startle response, hyper arousal, increased physical pain, reduced immune response, headaches, gastrointestinal upset, decreased appetite, decreased libido, vulnerability to ______.

Part of the preparation is having a survival kit that includes tools to be used, emergency food stock and water that could last for 3 to 5 days. Education such as the Metro Manila Development Authority's shake drill can instruct populations on how to deal with hazard events like the 'Big One' - the anticipated 7.8 magnitude earthquake that may strike Metro Manila anytime. Nature of society. In highly centralized government structures, efficient emergency response may be the result of careful planning and training of personnel. However, it can also lead to bureaucracy and a lack of autonomous decision making, which slows down distribution of relief goods and emergency response efforts in case of extreme emergency. Understanding of the area. Recent migrants are likely to struggle to cope with hazard effects compared to established population. Understanding the area is a salient factor to be considered in disaster preparedness planning, and this will give greater advantage to the established or original settlers in a particular area affected by disaster. 3.COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS Building code. Rigorous and applied building codes protect most buildings from collapse during earthquakes. This should be seriously considered by the government in the issuance of building permits and licenses for land development. Scientific monitoring and early warning systems. Established monitoring system can prepare people for the onslaught of any kind of disaster.

Part of the preparation is having a survival kit that includes tools to be used, emergency food stock and water that could last for 3 to 5 days. Education such as the Metro Manila Development Authority's shake drill can instruct populations on how to deal with hazard events like the 'Big One' - the anticipated 7.8 magnitude earthquake that may strike Metro Manila anytime. Nature of society. In highly centralized government structures, efficient emergency response may be the result of careful planning and training of personnel. However, it can also lead to bureaucracy and a lack of autonomous decision making, which slows down distribution of relief goods and emergency response efforts in case of extreme emergency. Understanding of the area. Recent migrants are likely to struggle to cope with hazard effects compared to established population. Understanding the area is a salient factor to be considered in disaster preparedness planning, and this will give greater advantage to the established or original settlers in a particular area affected by disaster. 3.COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS Scientific monitoring and early warning systems. Established monitoring system can prepare people for the onslaught of any kind of disaster.

Part of the preparation is having a survival kit that includes tools to be used, emergency food stock and water that could last for 3 to 5 days. Education such as the ______ can instruct populations on how to deal with hazard events like the 'Big One' - the anticipated 7.8 magnitude earthquake that may strike Metro Manila anytime. Nature of society. In highly centralized government structures, efficient emergency response may be the result of careful planning and training of personnel. However, it can also lead to bureaucracy and a lack of autonomous decision making, which slows down distribution of relief goods and emergency response efforts in case of extreme emergency. Understanding of the area. Recent migrants are likely to struggle to cope with hazard effects compared to established population. Understanding the area is a salient factor to be considered in disaster preparedness planning, and this will give greater advantage to the established or original settlers in a particular area affected by disaster.

Part of the preparation is having a survival kit that includes tools to be used, emergency food stock and water that could last for 3 to 5 days. Education such as the Metro Manila Development Authority's shake drill can instruct populations on how to deal with hazard events like the 'Big One' - the anticipated 7.8 magnitude earthquake that may strike Metro Manila anytime. Nature of society. In highly centralized government structures, efficient emergency response may be the result of careful planning and training of personnel. However, it can also lead to bureaucracy and a lack of autonomous decision making, which slows down distribution of relief goods and emergency response efforts in case of extreme emergency. Understanding of the area. ______ are likely to struggle to cope with hazard effects compared to established population. Understanding the area is a salient factor to be considered in disaster preparedness planning, and this will give greater advantage to the established or original settlers in a particular area affected by disaster. 3.COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS Understanding of the area. ______ are likely to struggle to cope with hazard effects compared to established population.

Part of the preparation is having a survival kit that includes tools to be used, emergency food stock and water that could last for 3 to 5 days. Education such as the Metro Manila Development Authority's shake drill can instruct populations on how to deal with hazard events like the 'Big One' - the anticipated 7.8 magnitude earthquake that may strike Metro Manila anytime. Nature of society. In highly centralized government structures, efficient emergency response may be the result of careful planning and training of personnel. However, it can also lead to bureaucracy and a lack of autonomous decision making, which slows down distribution of relief goods and emergency response efforts in case of extreme emergency. Understanding of the area. Recent migrants are likely to struggle to cope with hazard effects compared to established population. Understanding the area is a salient factor to be considered in disaster preparedness planning, and this will give greater advantage to the established or original settlers in a particular area affected by disaster. 3.COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS Understanding the area is a salient factor to be considered in disaster preparedness planning, and this will give greater advantage to the established or original settlers in a particular area affected by disaster.

Part of the preparation is having a survival kit that includes tools to be used, emergency food stock and water that could last for 3 to 5 days. Education such as the Metro Manila Development Authority's shake drill can instruct populations on how to deal with hazard events like the 'Big One' - the anticipated 7.8 magnitude earthquake that may strike Metro Manila anytime. Nature of society. In highly centralized government structures, efficient emergency response may be the result of careful planning and training of personnel. However, it can also lead to bureaucracy and a lack of autonomous decision making, which slows down distribution of relief goods and emergency response efforts in case of extreme emergency. Understanding of the area. Recent migrants are likely to struggle to cope with hazard effects compared to established population. Understanding the area is a salient factor to be considered in disaster preparedness planning, and this will give greater advantage to the established or original settlers in a particular area affected by disaster.

Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability. This is one aspect that both communities and government must be sensitive about. Ch. 3 BASIC CONCEPT OF A HAZARD One important key to safety is understanding a particular incident or phenomenon that may affect people's life. An ordinary incident or natural phenomenon may turn into a hazard once it becomes active and poses harm or danger to life and property. This is the basic concept of hazard everyone should be aware of. DEFINITIONS OF HAZARDS Hazards are 'those elements of physical environment, harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him.' (Burton et al 1978) A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss. (Standards Australia 2000) A natural event that has the potential to cause harm or loss. (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center) GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS 1. Natural hazards such as earthquakes and floods arise from purely natural processes in the environment. 2. Quasi-natural hazards such as smog or desertification that arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities 3. Technological or human-made hazards such as the toxicity of pesticides to agricultural lands, accidental leaks of chemicals from chemical laboratories or radiation from a nuclear plant TYPES OF HAZARDS Hewitt and Burton (1971) provided a typology of hazards as follows: 1. ______

Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability. This is one aspect that both communities and government must be sensitive about. Ch. 3 BASIC CONCEPT OF A HAZARD One important key to safety is understanding a particular incident or phenomenon that may affect people's life. An ordinary incident or natural phenomenon may turn into a hazard once it becomes active and poses harm or danger to life and property. This is the basic concept of hazard everyone should be aware of. DEFINITIONS OF HAZARDS Hazards are 'those elements of physical environment, harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him.' (Burton et al 1978) A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss. (Standards Australia 2000) A natural event that has the potential to cause harm or loss. (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center) GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS 1. Natural hazards such as earthquakes and floods arise from purely natural processes in the environment. 2. Quasi-natural hazards such as smog or desertification that arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities 3. Technological or human-made hazards such as the toxicity of pesticides to agricultural lands, accidental leaks of chemicals from chemical laboratories or radiation from a nuclear plant TYPES OF HAZARDS Hewitt and Burton (1971) provided a typology of hazards as follows: 2. ______

Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability. This is one aspect that both communities and government must be sensitive about. Ch. 3 BASIC CONCEPT OF A HAZARD One important key to safety is understanding a particular incident or phenomenon that may affect people's life. An ordinary incident or natural phenomenon may turn into a hazard once it becomes active and poses harm or danger to life and property. This is the basic concept of hazard everyone should be aware of. DEFINITIONS OF HAZARDS Hazards are 'those elements of physical environment, harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him.' (Burton et al 1978) A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss. (Standards Australia 2000) A natural event that has the potential to cause harm or loss. (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center) GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS 1. Natural hazards such as earthquakes and floods arise from purely natural processes in the environment. 2. Quasi-natural hazards such as smog or desertification that arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities 3. Technological or human-made hazards such as the toxicity of pesticides to agricultural lands, accidental leaks of chemicals from chemical laboratories or radiation from a nuclear plant TYPES OF HAZARDS Hewitt and Burton (1971) provided a typology of hazards as follows: 3. ______

Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability. This is one aspect that both communities and government must be sensitive about. Ch. 3 BASIC CONCEPT OF A HAZARD One important key to safety is understanding a particular incident or phenomenon that may affect people's life. An ordinary incident or natural phenomenon may turn into a hazard once it becomes active and poses harm or danger to life and property. This is the basic concept of hazard everyone should be aware of. DEFINITIONS OF HAZARDS Hazards are 'those elements of physical environment, harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him.' (Burton et al 1978) A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss. (Standards Australia 2000) A natural event that has the potential to cause harm or loss. (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center) GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS 1. Natural hazards such as earthquakes and floods arise from purely natural processes in the environment. 2. Quasi-natural hazards such as smog or desertification that arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities 3. Technological or human-made hazards such as the toxicity of pesticides to agricultural lands, accidental leaks of chemicals from chemical laboratories or radiation from a nuclear plant TYPES OF HAZARDS Hewitt and Burton (1971) provided a typology of hazards as follows: 4. ______

Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability. This is one aspect that both communities and government must be sensitive about. Ch. 3 BASIC CONCEPT OF A HAZARD One important key to safety is understanding a particular incident or phenomenon that may affect people's life. An ordinary incident or natural phenomenon may turn into a hazard once it becomes active and poses harm or danger to life and property. This is the basic concept of hazard everyone should be aware of. DEFINITIONS OF HAZARDS Hazards are 'those elements of physical environment, harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him.' (Burton et al 1978) A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss. (Standards Australia 2000) A natural event that has the potential to cause harm or loss. (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center) GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS 1. Natural hazards such as earthquakes and floods arise from purely natural processes in the environment. 2. Quasi-natural hazards such as smog or desertification that arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities 3. Technological or human-made hazards such as the toxicity of pesticides to agricultural lands, accidental leaks of chemicals from chemical laboratories or radiation from a nuclear plant TYPES OF HAZARDS Hewitt and Burton (1971) provided a typology of hazards as follows: 5. ______

Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability. This is one aspect that both communities and government must be sensitive about. Ch. 3 BASIC CONCEPT OF A HAZARD One important key to safety is understanding a particular incident or phenomenon that may affect people's life. An ordinary incident or natural phenomenon may turn into a hazard once it becomes active and poses harm or danger to life and property. This is the basic concept of hazard everyone should be aware of. DEFINITIONS OF HAZARDS Hazards are 'those elements of physical environment, harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him.' (Burton et al 1978) A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss. (Standards Australia 2000) A natural event that has the potential to cause harm or loss. (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center) GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS 1. Natural hazards such as earthquakes and floods arise from purely natural processes in the environment. 2. Quasi-natural hazards such as smog or desertification that arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities 3. Technological or human-made hazards such as the toxicity of pesticides to agricultural lands, accidental leaks of chemicals from chemical laboratories or radiation from a nuclear plant TYPES OF HAZARDS Hewitt and Burton (1971) provided a typology of hazards as follows: 6. ______