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The right amount of ______ makes the planet habitable like Earth.
factors
The ______ is a dynamic mass of water that is continually on the move.
hydrosphere
Earth’s ______ traps heat and shields the surface from harmful radiation.
atmosphere
Water is an important component of all living ______.
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Climate is often defined as 'average ______.'
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The global ocean accounts for about ______ percent of Earth’s water.
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A planet requires a rapidly rotating ______ field to protect it from harmful radiation.
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Energy is used by organisms to run their life ______.
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The biosphere includes all life on Earth, and most life on land is concentrated near the ______.
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Ocean life is concentrated in the sunlit surface waters of the ______.
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Some bacteria thrive in rocks as deep as 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) and in boiling hot ______.
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The geosphere extends from the surface to the center of the planet, a depth of ______ kilometers.
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Soil is a mixture of weathered rock debris (geosphere) and organic matter from decayed plant and animal ______.
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Oceanic crust is roughly ______ kilometers thick and composed of basalt.
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The continental crust averages about ______ kilometers thick.
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Carbon dioxide is an efficient absorber of energy emitted by Earth, influencing the heating of the ______.
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Air and water occupy the open spaces between the solid ______.
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Water vapor in the air can vary from practically none at all up to about ______ percent by volume.
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The lowermost layer of the atmosphere is called the ______, where temperature decreases with an increase in altitude.
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The ______ is the layer where temperature remains constant to a height of about 20 kilometers.
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In the mesosphere, temperatures decrease with height until reaching the ______ at approximately 80 kilometers above the surface.
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The thermosphere extends outward from the mesopause and has no well-defined ______.
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Ozone is a form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule, known as ______.
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Aerosols are tiny solid and liquid particles that can ______, reflect, and scatter solar radiation.
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More than 82 percent of Earth’s volume is contained in the ______, a solid, rocky shell.
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The lithosphere consists of the entire crust and uppermost ______, forming the rigid outer shell.
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The asthenosphere lies beneath the lithosphere to a depth of about ______ kilometers.
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In the core, the composition is thought to be an iron–nickel alloy with minor amounts of ______.
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The outer core is a liquid layer approximately ______ kilometers thick.
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Despite its higher temperature, the iron in the inner core is ______ due to immense pressures.
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The concept of continental drift suggests that the continents move about the face of the ______.
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The proposal of continental drift contradicted the view that continents are permanent and ______ features.
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The theory that emerged, called ______, provided geologists with a comprehensive model of Earth’s internal workings.
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Lithospheric plates are in continual motion driven by the unequal distribution of ______ within our planet.
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Convergent boundaries are located where two plates move towards each other, and one plate plunges beneath the other, descending into the ______.
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At divergent boundaries, fractures created as the plates separate are filled with molten rock that wells up from the ______.
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California's San Andreas Fault is a well-known example of a ______ fault boundary, where plates slide past one another.
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Study Notes
Factors That Make the Planet Habitable
- Temperature regulates atomic and molecular motion, essential for life processes.
- Water functions as a solvent, crucial for chemical transport within cells.
- Atmosphere protects from harmful radiation and provides essential gases like nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
- Energy is derived from light or chemical sources to fuel biological activities.
- Nutrients play a vital role in building and maintaining organisms.
- A magnetic field protects the planet from stellar flares and harmful radiation.
Hydrosphere
- Comprises all water on Earth, continuously cycling between oceans, atmosphere, and land.
- Oceans cover about 71% of Earth's surface, with an average depth of 3,800 meters (12,500 feet), containing 97% of Earth's water.
- Freshwater sources include underground reserves, streams, lakes, and glaciers, supporting all life forms.
Atmosphere
- Earth’s atmosphere is a thin layer of gases crucial for survival, shielding against ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
- Weather, defined as the atmospheric state, varies continuously, while climate represents long-term averages and extremes.
- Carbon dioxide efficiently absorbs energy emitted from Earth, impacting atmospheric heating.
- Variable components like water vapor and aerosols play significant roles in climate dynamics.
Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere
- Troposphere: The lowest layer where temperature decreases with altitude; characterized by vertical air mixing.
- Stratosphere: Temperature remains constant to 20 km, then rises until the stratopause at nearly 50 km.
- Mesosphere: Temperature decreases until the mesopause (80 km), reaching -30°C (-22°F).
- Thermosphere: Extends beyond the mesopause, temperatures can exceed 1,000°C (1,800°F) due to solar radiation absorption.
Biosphere
- Encompasses all living organisms, concentrated near Earth’s surface for access to sunlight and essential nutrients.
- Life can thrive in extreme environments, such as deep ocean vents or high-altitude ecosystems.
- Organisms interact with and modify their physical environment, influencing geospheres, hydrospheres, and atmospheres.
Geosphere
- Extends from Earth's surface to its core, about 6,400 kilometers deep, being the largest of Earth’s spheres.
- Soil, supporting plant growth, is a blend of weathered rock (geosphere) and organic matter (biosphere).
- Weathering processes involve air (atmosphere) and water (hydrosphere), affecting soil formation.
Earth's Internal Structure
- Crust: Earth's outer layer, varies in thickness (7 km oceanic, up to 70 km continental).
- Mantle: Over 82% of Earth's volume, a solid, rocky layer to nearly 2,900 km depth, composed mainly of peridotite.
- Lithosphere: The crust and upper mantle form a rigid outer shell about 100 km thick.
- Asthenosphere: A soft layer beneath the lithosphere, allowing slow flow and some melting.
- Lower Mantle: Extremely hot rocks capable of gradual flow, extending to the core.
- Core: Composed of an iron-nickel alloy; outer core is liquid and generates Earth's magnetic field, while the inner core remains solid despite high temperatures.
Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics
- Continental drift hypothesis suggested that continents move across Earth's surface, challenging previous beliefs of permanence.
- Plate tectonics theory explains that Earth's lithosphere is made of tectonic plates, in continuous motion due to internal heat distribution.
- Plate boundaries:
- Convergent: Plates collide, with one subducting into the mantle.
- Divergent: Plates separate, creating fractures filled with molten rock.
- Transform: Plates slide past one another, causing neither creation nor destruction of the seafloor, exemplified by the San Andreas Fault.
- Average plate motion is about 1 centimeter (2 inches) per year, similar to fingernail growth.
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Description
Explore the essential factors that contribute to making a planet habitable, like Earth. This quiz covers critical elements such as temperature, water, atmosphere, energy, and nutrients, and their roles in supporting life. Test your understanding of how these factors interact to create a livable environment.
