10 Questions
What occurs when you click a section tab on the right side of the screen?
You will be taken to the first slide in each respective section
What is the purpose of the navigation buttons?
To progress to the next slide or the previous slide
What happens when you click the Resources tab?
You will be taken to the Chapter Resources Menu
How do you exit the presentation?
By clicking the Exit button on the Chapter Menu slide
What is the function of the 'Return' button?
To take you to the slide that you were viewing when you clicked the Resources or Help tab
Why is this slide intentionally blank?
The reason is not specified
What is the purpose of the Chapter Resources Menu?
To access chapter specific resources
What happens when you hit Escape [Esc] on your keyboard while viewing any Chapter Outline slide?
You will exit the presentation
What is the purpose of the Chapter Menu?
To navigate through the presentation
What happens when you click an image?
It will enlarge the image
Study Notes
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
- Some substances react more readily than others.
- Concentration: increasing concentrations of reactants increases reaction rates due to more frequent collisions.
- Surface Area: greater surface area allows particles to collide more frequently, increasing reaction rate.
- Temperature: increasing temperature increases reaction rate by increasing kinetic energy of particles, leading to more frequent collisions.
Catalysts and Inhibitors
- Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction.
- Inhibitor: a substance that slows or prevents a reaction.
- Heterogeneous catalyst: exists in a physical state different than that of the reaction it catalyzes.
- Homogeneous catalyst: exists in the same physical state as the reaction it catalyzes.
- Catalysts lower the activation energy, allowing more collisions to have sufficient energy to react.
Reaction Rate Laws
- Reaction rate law: an experimentally determined mathematical relationship that relates the speed of a reaction to the concentrations of the reactants.
- Rate law: expresses the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of reactants, e.g. Rate = k[A].
- Specific rate constant (k): a numerical value that relates the reaction rate and the concentrations of reactants at a given temperature.
- Reaction order: defines how the rate is affected by the concentration of a reactant, e.g. first-order, second-order, etc.
Determining Reaction Order
- Method of initial rates: determines reaction order by comparing the initial rates of a reaction carried out with varying reactant concentrations.
- Initial rate: measures how fast the reaction proceeds at the moment when reactants are mixed.
Reaction Mechanisms
- Reaction mechanism: the complete sequence of elementary steps that makes up a complex reaction.
- Intermediate: a substance produced in one of the elementary steps and consumed in a subsequent elementary step.
- Rate-determining step: the slowest elementary step in a complex reaction.
- Complex reaction: a reaction with two or more elementary steps.
Learn about the factors that influence reaction rates, including the nature of reactants, concentration, surface area, and catalysts. Understand how these factors impact the frequency of collisions between particles.
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