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Facilitated Diffusion
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Facilitated Diffusion

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of an oxidoreductase enzyme?

  • To catalyze the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another
  • To catalyze the hydrolysis of a chemical bond
  • To catalyze the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation
  • To catalyze the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another (correct)
  • In an oxidoreductase reaction, what is the molecule that loses electrons called?

  • Electron acceptor
  • Hydrogen donor
  • Reductant (correct)
  • Oxidant
  • What type of enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another?

  • Oxidoreductase
  • Lyase
  • Hydrolase
  • Transferase (correct)
  • What is the role of a hydrolase enzyme?

    <p>To catalyze the hydrolysis of a chemical bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of lyase enzymes?

    <p>They require one substrate for the reaction in one direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction does a lyase enzyme catalyze?

    <p>Breaking of chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecule that gains electrons in an oxidoreductase reaction?

    <p>Oxidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzyme catalyzes the reaction A–X + B → A + B–X?

    <p>Transferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the opening of facilitated diffusion channels?

    <p>Changes in the electrical potential across the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of movement in facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Down the concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of kinase enzyme in facilitated diffusion of glucose?

    <p>Transforms glucose into glucose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Requires a membrane carrier that spans the thickness of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net flux of facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Down the concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transporter proteins in facilitated diffusion?

    <p>To bring glucose into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many acetyl CoA molecules are produced from complete hydrolysis of palmitic acid?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times are the 5 steps of β-oxidation carried out in the metabolism of palmitic acid?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of ATP molecules produced from the reduced coenzymes in the metabolism of palmitic acid?

    <p>93</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced from each NADH + H+ molecule in the electron transport system?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net yield of ATP molecules from the complete oxidation of palmitic acid?

    <p>129</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy requirement for the initial activation process of fatty acid metabolism?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many FADH2 molecules are produced from the β-oxidation sequence of palmitic acid?

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of ATP molecules produced from each FADH2 molecule in the electron transport system?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who described the Lineweaver-Burk equation of enzyme kinetics?

    <p>Hans Lineweaver and Dean Burk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Lineweaver-Burk plot?

    <p>To provide a graphical method for analysis of the Michaelis-Menten equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the y-intercept of the Lineweaver-Burk plot equivalent to?

    <p>The inverse of Vmax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the x-intercept of the Lineweaver-Burk plot representative of?

    <p>-1/Km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of the Lineweaver-Burk plot in enzyme kinetics?

    <p>To determine important terms such as Km and Vmax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inhibitors can be distinguished using the Lineweaver-Burk plot?

    <p>Competitive, noncompetitive and uncompetitive inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are enzyme inhibitors?

    <p>Molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation of the Lineweaver-Burk transformation?

    <p>1/V = 1/Vmax + Km/[S]Vmax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction involving glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and NAD+?

    <p>1,3-diphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of the phosphate used in the reaction involving glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and NAD+?

    <p>Inorganic phosphate (H3PO4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction involving 1,3-diphosphoglycerate and ADP?

    <p>3-phosphoglycerate + ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the 8th step in glycolysis?

    <p>The phosphate on carbon-3 is moved to carbon-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction involving 2-phosphoglycerate and H2O?

    <p>Phospho-enol-pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the 10th step in glycolysis?

    <p>Another ATP molecule is produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative step chosen when anaerobic conditions exist within the cell?

    <p>The addition of 2H atoms to pyruvate to form lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of the 2H atoms used to form lactate in anaerobic conditions?

    <p>NADH + H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Facilitated Diffusion

    • Facilitated diffusion occurs down a concentration gradient only
    • No net movement occurs if there is no concentration difference
    • Rate of movement depends on the steepness of the concentration gradient and the number of transporter proteins (transport maximum)
    • Glucose binds to a transport protein, which changes shape, moving glucose across the cell membrane down the concentration gradient
    • Kinase enzyme reduces glucose concentration inside the cell by transforming glucose into glucose-6-phosphate
    • Transporter proteins always bring glucose into the cell

    Enzymes

    • Oxidoreductase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another
    • Transferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another
    • Hydrolase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond
    • Lyase: an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or ring structure

    Lineweaver-Burk Transformation of the Michaelis-Menten Equation

    • A graphical representation of the Lineweaver-Burk equation of enzyme kinetics
    • Provides a useful graphical method for analysis of the Michaelis-Menten equation
    • The plot gives a quick, visual impression of the different forms of enzyme inhibition
    • Used to determine important terms in enzyme kinetics, such as Km and Vmax
    • Helps distinguish competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive inhibitors

    Enzyme Inhibition

    • Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity

    Glycolysis

    • A series of reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate
    • The 7th step produces ATP molecules
    • The 8th step involves phosphate moving from carbon-1 to carbon-2
    • The 9th step removes a molecule of H2O from 2-phosphoglycerate
    • The 10th step produces another ATP molecule
    • The 11th step occurs under anaerobic conditions, adding 2H atoms to pyruvate to form lactate

    Fatty Acid Oxidation

    • ATP yield in fatty acid metabolism depends on the number of carbons in the fatty acid
    • For example, palmitic acid (16C) yields 8 acetyl CoA molecules after complete hydrolysis
    • Each operation of β-oxidation yields one FADH2 and one NADH + H+
    • Reduced coenzymes channel hydrogen atoms into the electron transport system
    • Total ATP yield from the oxidation of palmitic acid is 129 ATPs

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    Description

    Learn about facilitated diffusion, a type of passive transport that occurs down a concentration gradient with the help of transporter proteins. Understand how it works and its characteristics.

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