Chapter 1

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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

Packet Switching = Divides data into packets and sends them individually to their destination Store and Forward = Entire packet must arrive at router before being transmitted to the next link End to End Delay = $2L/R$ (assuming 0 propagation delay) Queuing and Loss = If arrival in bits to link exceeds transmission rate of link for a period of time packet will be queue and wait to be transmitted packet can be lost if memory buffer fills up

Match the following variables with their corresponding meanings in packet switching:

$n$ = Total number of users $k$ = Number of active users $p$ = Probability of a user being active

Match the following equations with their correct interpretations:

$p(k)= (n choose k) (p)^k(1-p)^(n-k)$ = Computes the probability that exactly $k$ users are transmitting simultaneously at any given time in packet switching $1- (probability that less than 1$ using simultaneously = Finds the probability that there are one or more users transmitting simultaneously in packet switching

Match the following statements with the correct protocol in packet switching:

<p>Optimizes network efficiency and resilience because each packet might take a different path to reach the destination where they are reassembled = Routing protocol Efficient for bursty data and doesn’t waste bandwidth = Packet switching protocol Protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control = Congestion control protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scenarios with the appropriate packet switching concept:

<p>When loading a webpage, each image, text block or video can be sent as separate packets = Packetization If arrival in bits to link exceeds transmission rate of link for a period of time, packet will be queue and wait to be transmitted = Queuing and loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following formulas with their correct interpretations in packet switching:

<p>$1- (probability that less than 1$ using simultaneously = Finds the probability that there are one or more users transmitting simultaneously $2L/R$ (assuming 0 propagation delay) = Calculates the end-to-end delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions in packet switching:

<p>Packet delay and loss due to excessive congestion = Disadvantage of packet switching Efficient for bursty data and doesn’t waste bandwidth = Advantage of packet switching Divides data into packets and sends them individually to their destination = Basic concept of packet switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following network components with their descriptions:

<p>Hosts = End-user devices that send and receive data Switches/Routers = Devices that direct data packets within a local network or between different networks Network Edge = Consists of hosts (clients and servers) where data originates and can flow both ways Network Core = Contains routers and networks that form the Internet backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following network types with their characteristics:

<p>LAN = A network within a limited area, e.g., a building, offering faster speed and lower latencies WAN = Spans broader areas like cities or countries, covering vast distances Wi-Fi = A wireless networking standard that allows devices to connect to a LAN wirelessly Cellular communication = Enables mobile devices to communicate over long distances, transitioning between cell towers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following network terms with their definitions:

<p>Protocol = A standard that defines the format, order of messages sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on message transmissions Standards = Agreed upon rules or specifications for consistency across devices and systems RFCs = The primary method for proposing and commenting on Internet standards, including the protocols and systems forming the Internet Circuit Switching = Establishes a dedicated communication path between nodes, guaranteeing bandwidth but may be wasteful if the full capacity isn’t used</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following real-life scenarios with the network components involved:

<p>Accessing the internet on your phone = Involves the network edge Your home Wi-Fi = Typically a LAN An enterprise with offices globally = Uses a WAN to interconnect them Data traveling from a server in Europe to your PC in the US = Goes through the network core</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following network terms with their real-life scenarios:

<p>Circuit Switching = Real life scenario: Traditional phone system used circuit switching Protocol = Real Life Scenario: When you send an email, your email system uses the SMTP protocol to ensure the recipient's email system understands and correctly receives your message Standards = Real Life Scenario: Website uses the HTTP or HTTPS standard to ensure they can be accessed by any web browser Network Edge = Real Life Scenario: accessing the internet on your phone involves the network edge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following network types with their advantages:

<p>LAN = High speeds, more control over configuration WAN = Wide coverage Wi-Fi = Allows devices to connect to a LAN wirelessly Cellular communication = Each generation (1g to 5g) improving speed and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following network terms with their definitions:

<p>Hosts = End-user devices like computers and smartphones that send and receive data Switches/Routers = Devices that direct data packets, either within a local network or between different networks Network Edge = Consists of a host (clients and servers) where data originates and can flow both ways Network Core = Contains routers and networks that form the Internet backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following layers of the OSI model with their corresponding layers in the TCP/IP model:

<p>Physical and Data Link = Network Interface Network = Internet Session, Presentation, and Application = Application</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of protocols with their descriptions:

<p>Open = Publicly available, like TCP/IP Proprietary = Owned and controlled by an organization, usage might require a license Ad-hoc = Develop out of necessity, arise informally and get adopted because they become popular or fill a need De jure = Officially recognized and sanctioned by a formal body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following layers of the OSI model with their descriptions:

<p>Physical = Deals with the physical medium of transmission Data Link = Provides reliable data delivery across a physical link Network = Routes data from one node to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following layers of the TCP/IP model with their descriptions:

<p>Network access = Handles the physical and data link layers Internet = Routes data across networks Transport = Provides reliable data delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following layers of the OSI model with their corresponding layers in the TCP/IP model:

<p>Physical = Network access Data Link = Network access Network = Internet Transport = Transport Session, Presentation, and Application = Application</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following layers of the OSI model with their descriptions:

<p>Session = Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications Presentation = Formats data for presentation to the application layer Application = Provides access to the network for applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following layers of the TCP/IP model with their descriptions:

<p>Network access = Handles the physical and data link layers Internet = Routes data across networks Transport = Provides reliable data delivery Application = Provides access to the network for applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following layers of the OSI model with their descriptions:

<p>Physical = Deals with the physical medium of transmission Network = Routes data from one node to another Application = Provides access to the network for applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following layers of the TCP/IP model with their descriptions:

<p>Network access = Handles the physical and data link layers Internet = Routes data across networks Transport = Provides reliable data delivery Application = Provides access to the network for applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to communication media with their descriptions:

<p>Guided media = Directs data along a specific path, ensuring higher reliability and speeds. Communication takes place using physical wires or fibers. Unguided media = Is wireless and offers flexibility but can be more susceptible to interference. Signal propagates freely in the air and can penetrate through walls. Fiber optic cables = Consists of glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse represents a bit. It has high speed operation and low error rate because repeaters are spaced farther apart and is immune to electromagnetic noise. Coaxial cables = Consists of copper and carries data using electricity. It can be affected by environmental effects on wireless signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of delays with their definitions:

<p>Propagation delay = $D(length of physical length)/ S (propagation speed)$ Transmission delay = $L( packet length, bits)/ R(transmission rate, bits/sec)$ Queuing delay = Time waiting at output link for transmission, depends on congestion level of router Nodal processing delay = Time taken by a router to check bits errors and determine output link, typically less than a millisecond</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to communication with their definitions:

<p>End-to-end communication delay = Total time for a packet to travel from the source to the destination, including all the delays experienced Routing = Determines the source-destination route taken by packets using routing algorithms Forwarding or switching = Refers to the actual process of sending a packet from an input to an appropriate output link/ what port the packet should be sent from Throughput = The rate at which data is transferred through a network, often determined by the slowest link</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to communication protocols with their descriptions:

<p>Protocol layers = Divide communication into layers allowing for modularity and specialization Application layer = You write the letter in this layer Transport layer = You put the letter in an envelope in this layer Network layer = You add an address to the letter in this layer Link layer = You hand the letter over to the post in this layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to communication with their definitions:

<p>Packet switching = Used in 'Store-and-forward' communication. In this, devices like routers receive the entire packet and then forward it, ensuring data integrity but potentially adding delay Store and Forward (packet switching) = Takes $l/r$ seconds to transmit a packet at bandwidth. The entire packet must arrive at the router before being transmitted to the next link Traffic Intensity = $(L*a)/R$, where $a$ is the average packet arrival rate. If larger than 1, there is more arrival that can be serviced Protocol stack = A concept where different layers of communication are stacked on top of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of communication media with their advantages and disadvantages:

<p>Guided media (Wire) = Advantages: Typically faster and less prone to interference. Disadvantages: Signal requires physical path, Higher installation cost and maintenance, Limited by length of conductor Unguided media (Wireless) = Advantages: Flexibility. Disadvantages: Can be more susceptible to interference Fiber optic cables = Advantages: High speed operation, Low error rate because repeaters are spaced farther apart, and is immune to electromagnetic noise Coaxial cables = Advantages: Consists of copper and carries data using electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to communication with their definitions:

<p>Bit Error Failure = Failure in the transmission of a bit Node Failure = Failure of a network node, such as a router or switch Link Failure = Failure of a link in the network Packet Loss = Loss of a packet during transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of circuit switching?

<p>The purpose of circuit switching is to establish a dedicated communication path between nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of circuit switching in terms of bandwidth?

<p>Circuit switching guarantees bandwidth, ensuring a constant quality of service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disadvantage of circuit switching in terms of efficiency?

<p>Circuit switching can be inefficient if the full capacity isn't used, as the dedicated channel cannot be used by other conversations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hosts in a network?

<p>Hosts are end-user devices like computers and smartphones that send and receive data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are switches/routers in a network?

<p>Switches/routers are intermediary devices that direct data packets within a local network or between different networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a protocol?

<p>A protocol is a standard that defines the format, order of messages, and actions taken on message transmissions, ensuring effective communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RFCs in defining standards?

<p>RFCs historically serve as the primary method for proposing and commenting on Internet standards, documenting the agreed-upon rules and specifications for internet technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In packet switching, how can we compute the probability that exactly k users are transmitting simultaneously at any given time?

<p>$p(k)= \inom{n},{k} p^k(1-p)^{n-k}$ (where $n$ is the total number of users, $k$ is the number of active users, and $p$ is the probability of a user being active)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In packet switching, how can we find the probability that there are one or more users transmitting simultaneously?

<p>$1- \ ext{probability that less than 1 user is transmitting simultaneously}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the end-to-end delay in store and forward packet switching?

<p>$\ ext{end-to-end delay} = \ rac{2L},{R}$ (assuming zero propagation delay, where $L$ is the size of the packet and $R$ is the transmission rate)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the arrival of packets to a link exceeds the transmission rate for a period of time in packet switching?

<p>The packets will be queued and wait to be transmitted. If the memory buffer fills up, packets can be lost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some advantages of packet switching?

<p>Packet switching allows more users to use the network and is efficient for bursty data. It also optimizes network efficiency and resilience because each packet can take a different path to reach the destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some disadvantages of packet switching?

<p>Packet switching is prone to packet delay and loss due to excessive congestion. Reliable data transfer and congestion control protocols are needed to mitigate these issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a real-life scenario that uses packet switching.

<p>Internet browsing, where each image, text block, or video on a webpage can be sent as separate packets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between guided and unguided media?

<p>Guided media, such as cables, direct data along a specific path, ensuring higher reliability and speeds. Communication takes place using physical wires or fibers. Unguided media, like radio waves, is wireless and offers flexibility but can be more susceptible to interference. Signal propagates freely in the air and can penetrate through walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using fiber optic cables for broadband at home?

<p>Advantages: High speed operation, low error rate, immune to electromagnetic noise. Disadvantages: Limited by length of conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using coaxial cables for broadband at home?

<p>Advantages: Consists of copper, carries data using electricity. Disadvantages: Environmental effects can have an impact on wireless signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'store-and-forward' communication method used in packet switching?

<p>In 'store-and-forward' communication, devices like routers receive the entire packet and then forward it, ensuring data integrity but potentially adding delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for end-to-end delay in packet switching assuming zero propagation delay?

<p>End-to-end delay = 2L/R, where L is the length of the packet and R is the transmission rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can influence the throughput of a network?

<p>Factors like bandwidth and network congestion can influence the throughput of a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of protocol layers in communication?

<p>Protocol layers divide communication into layers, allowing for modularity and specialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protocol stack?

<p>A protocol stack is the combination of all the layers in a system, with each layer using the services of the layer beneath it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do protocol layers in a networking model interface with the layers above and below them?

<p>Protocol layers in a networking model often interface with the layers immediately above and below them. Each layer interacts with the one above it and below it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of how protocol layers interface with each other in the OSI model.

<p>In the OSI model, the transport layer takes from the session layer above it, adds its own header, and passes the resulting packet to the network layer below.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is it true that protocol layers on the same machine can communicate with each other?

<p>True. Between modules/layers on the same machine, protocol layers can communicate with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is it true that protocol layers on different machines can communicate with each other?

<p>True. Between same modules/layers on peer machines, protocol layers can communicate with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protocol stack in the context of a network?

<p>A protocol stack is the set of layers and protocols used by a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of protocols used in the application layer of a protocol stack.

<p>Examples of protocols used in the application layer include FTP, HTTP, and SMTP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the layers in the OSI model?

<p>The layers in the OSI model are Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the layers in the TCP/IP model?

<p>The layers in the TCP/IP model are Network access, Internet, Transport, and Application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Packet Switching Concepts

  • Packet switching divides data into packets for efficient transmission over a network.
  • Key terms include hosts (end devices), switches (data link layer devices), and routers (network layer devices).

Circuit Switching vs. Packet Switching

  • Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path, providing a constant bandwidth.
  • Advantage: Continuous bandwidth ensures reliable connections.
  • Disadvantage: Inefficient use of resources due to idle times when no data is transmitted.

Communication Protocols

  • Protocols are sets of rules governing data transmission across networks.
  • RFCs (Request for Comments) are documents that outline standards and specifications for protocols.

Probability in Packet Switching

  • The probability of exactly k users transmitting simultaneously can be computed using binomial distribution formulas.
  • The overall probability of one or more users transmitting is calculated using complementary probabilities.

End-to-End Delay

  • The end-to-end delay in store-and-forward packet switching is calculated by adding transmission, propagation, and queuing delays.
  • In cases where packet arrival exceeds transmission rates, congestion may occur, leading to increased delays.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Packet Switching

  • Advantages: Efficient bandwidth usage, resilience to network failures, and support for various data types.
  • Disadvantages: Variable delays and potential packet loss during high traffic.

Real-Life Applications

  • An example of packet switching in practice is the Internet, where data travels as packets, ensuring versatility.

Communication Media Types

  • Guided media (e.g., fiber optic cables) allows transmission through physical pathways, while unguided media (e.g., radio waves) transmits through the air.
  • Fiber optic cables offer high bandwidth but can be expensive; coaxial cables are less costly but have lower performance.

Store-and-Forward Communication

  • The store-and-forward method involves receiving and storing packets at an intermediate device before forwarding them to the final destination.

Factors Influencing Throughput

  • Throughput can be influenced by network congestion, hardware limitations, and protocol efficiency.

Protocol Layers

  • Protocol layers organize network functions, allowing for modular design and interoperability.
  • A protocol stack consists of various layers, each with specific functions, interfacing with adjacent layers to facilitate communication.

OSI and TCP/IP Models

  • The OSI model comprises seven layers: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical.
  • The TCP/IP model comprises four layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface.

Communication Layer Interfaces

  • Protocol layers on the same machine can communicate directly, while layers on different machines rely on defined protocols for interaction.
  • Application layer protocols can include HTTP, FTP, and SMTP, illustrating the diverse functionalities within a protocol stack.

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