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Questions and Answers

Which cells produce myelin in the central nervous system (CNS)?

  • Schwann cells
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the Luxol fast blue stain?

  • To highlight axons
  • To identify areas of demyelination (correct)
  • To stain nerve fibers blue
  • To visualize oligodendrocytes

    • What is the primary cause of demyelinating disorders?

  • Infections
  • Inherited disorders
  • Autoimmune response (correct)
  • Metabolic/toxic factors

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of demyelinating disorders?

    <p>Onset after trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disorder?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic factor is associated with a higher incidence of multiple sclerosis?

    <p>HLA-DR haplotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells react against myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Th1 and Th17 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Th1 cells in multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells are present in the inflammatory lesions (plaques) of multiple sclerosis?

    <p>T-lymphocytes (CD4+, few CD8+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Luxol fast blue stain?

    <p>To identify areas of demyelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of MS lesions?

    <p>They are centered on small veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a location where MS lesions can be seen?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the microscopic appearance of an active plaque in MS?

    <p>Myelin is absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of oligoclonal IgG bands on immunoelectrophoresis in the CSF of a patient with MS?

    <p>It indicates an increase in stimulation of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for MS?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does neuromyelitis optic (NMO) differ from MS?

    <p>It is characterized by the presence of aquaporin-4 in areas of demyelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of inactive plaques in MS?

    <p>There is no inflammatory infiltrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of central pontine myelinolysis?

    <p>Severe electrolyte disturbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

    <p>It follows a viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord?

    <p>Vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

    <p>Cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic pathology seen in acute hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

    <p>Cherry red spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of chronic hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

    <p>Delayed personality changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is associated with demyelination of peripheral nerves and is commonly preceded by infection or vaccination?

    <p>Guillain-Barré Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common hereditary neuropathy that affects both motor and sensory function?

    <p>Charcot Marie Tooth Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of Anti-Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) Neuropathy?

    <p>Monoclonal gammopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)?

    <p>Ascending symmetric weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common acquired inflammatory neuropathy?

    <p>Guillain-Barré Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Chronic Inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy?

    <p>Loss of deep tendon reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gene is associated with Charcot Marie Tooth Disease?

    <p>Charcot Marie Tooth Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Necrotizing Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis (ANE)?

    <p>Rapid clinical course</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM)?

    <p>Severe electrolyte disturbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)?

    <p>Infection of oligodendrocytes by JC virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common hereditary neuropathy that affects both motor and sensory function?

    <p>Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Neuromyelitis Optic (NMO)?

    <p>Presence of aquaporin-4 in areas of demyelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

    <p>Rapid clinical course</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord?

    <p>Megaloblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Demyelinating Disorders?

    <p>Autoimmune reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Luxol fast blue stain?

    <p>To detect myelin components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the microscopic appearance of an active plaque in MS?

    <p>Demyelination of white matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Chronic Inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy?

    <p>Loss of deep tendon reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of inactive plaques in MS?

    <p>Gliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

    <p>Cherry red discoloration of white matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of Anti-Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) Neuropathy?

    <p>Monoclonal gammopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is associated with demyelination of peripheral nerves and is commonly preceded by infection or vaccination?

    <p>Guillain-Barré Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)?

    <p>Ascending symmetric weakness &amp; paresthesias in legs progresses to arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce myelin in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of demyelinating disorders?

    <p>Autoimmune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Onset in young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of demyelinating disorders?

    <p>Autoimmune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells react against myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Th1 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common acquired inflammatory neuropathy?

    <p>Guillain-Barre syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic pathology seen in acute hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

    <p>Loss of myelin sheath with preservation of axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Luxol fast blue stain?

    <p>To identify areas of demyelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)?

    <p>Sudden or subacute onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of Anti-Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) Neuropathy?

    <p>Autoimmune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of MS lesions?

    <p>Presence of T-lymphocytes and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common hereditary neuropathy that affects both motor and sensory function?

    <p>Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Sudden or subacute onset of neurologic deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce myelin in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disorder?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Luxol fast blue stain?

    <p>To identify areas of demyelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic pathology seen in acute hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

    <p>Loss of myelin surrounding axons of nerves with relative preservation of axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immune cells react against myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Th1 and Th17 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Necrotizing Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis (ANE)?

    <p>Inflammatory infiltrate in the lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of inactive plaques in MS?

    <p>Inflammatory infiltrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic pathology seen in acute hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Demyelinating Disorders?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)?

    <p>Infection of oligodendrocytes by JC virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Spinal cord neoplasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Hypoxic Ischemic Demyelination?

    <p>Cherry red spots in the white matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP)?

    <p>Loss of deep tendon reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Anti-Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) Neuropathy?

    <p>Associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common hereditary neuropathy that affects both motor and sensory function?

    <p>Charcot Marie Tooth Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord?

    <p>Loss of deep tendon reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of demyelinating disorders?

    <p>Demyelination of peripheral nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Presence of plaques in the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

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