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Questions and Answers

Which cells produce myelin in the central nervous system (CNS)?

  • Schwann cells
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes (correct)

What is the purpose of the Luxol fast blue stain?

  • To highlight axons
  • To identify areas of demyelination (correct)
  • To stain nerve fibers blue
  • To visualize oligodendrocytes

What is the primary cause of demyelinating disorders?

  • Infections
  • Inherited disorders
  • Autoimmune response (correct)
  • Metabolic/toxic factors

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of demyelinating disorders?

<p>Onset after trauma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disorder?

<p>Multiple sclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic factor is associated with a higher incidence of multiple sclerosis?

<p>HLA-DR haplotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells react against myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis?

<p>Th1 and Th17 T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Th1 cells in multiple sclerosis?

<p>Secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells are present in the inflammatory lesions (plaques) of multiple sclerosis?

<p>T-lymphocytes (CD4+, few CD8+) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Luxol fast blue stain?

<p>To identify areas of demyelination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of MS lesions?

<p>They are centered on small veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a location where MS lesions can be seen?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the microscopic appearance of an active plaque in MS?

<p>Myelin is absent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of oligoclonal IgG bands on immunoelectrophoresis in the CSF of a patient with MS?

<p>It indicates an increase in stimulation of the immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for MS?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does neuromyelitis optic (NMO) differ from MS?

<p>It is characterized by the presence of aquaporin-4 in areas of demyelination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of inactive plaques in MS?

<p>There is no inflammatory infiltrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of central pontine myelinolysis?

<p>Severe electrolyte disturbance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

<p>It follows a viral infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord?

<p>Vitamin B12 deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

<p>Cardiac arrest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic pathology seen in acute hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

<p>Cherry red spots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of chronic hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

<p>Delayed personality changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is associated with demyelination of peripheral nerves and is commonly preceded by infection or vaccination?

<p>Guillain-Barré Syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common hereditary neuropathy that affects both motor and sensory function?

<p>Charcot Marie Tooth Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of Anti-Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) Neuropathy?

<p>Monoclonal gammopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)?

<p>Ascending symmetric weakness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common acquired inflammatory neuropathy?

<p>Guillain-Barré Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Chronic Inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy?

<p>Loss of deep tendon reflexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gene is associated with Charcot Marie Tooth Disease?

<p>Charcot Marie Tooth Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Necrotizing Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis (ANE)?

<p>Rapid clinical course (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM)?

<p>Severe electrolyte disturbance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)?

<p>Infection of oligodendrocytes by JC virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common hereditary neuropathy that affects both motor and sensory function?

<p>Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Neuromyelitis Optic (NMO)?

<p>Presence of aquaporin-4 in areas of demyelination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

<p>Rapid clinical course (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord?

<p>Megaloblastic anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Demyelinating Disorders?

<p>Autoimmune reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Luxol fast blue stain?

<p>To detect myelin components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

<p>Hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the microscopic appearance of an active plaque in MS?

<p>Demyelination of white matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Chronic Inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy?

<p>Loss of deep tendon reflexes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of inactive plaques in MS?

<p>Gliosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

<p>Cherry red discoloration of white matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of Anti-Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) Neuropathy?

<p>Monoclonal gammopathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is associated with demyelination of peripheral nerves and is commonly preceded by infection or vaccination?

<p>Guillain-Barré Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)?

<p>Ascending symmetric weakness &amp; paresthesias in legs progresses to arms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells produce myelin in the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of demyelinating disorders?

<p>Autoimmune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

<p>Onset in young adults (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of demyelinating disorders?

<p>Autoimmune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells react against myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis?

<p>Th1 cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common acquired inflammatory neuropathy?

<p>Guillain-Barre syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic pathology seen in acute hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

<p>Loss of myelin sheath with preservation of axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Luxol fast blue stain?

<p>To identify areas of demyelination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)?

<p>Sudden or subacute onset (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of Anti-Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) Neuropathy?

<p>Autoimmune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of MS lesions?

<p>Presence of T-lymphocytes and macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common hereditary neuropathy that affects both motor and sensory function?

<p>Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

<p>Sudden or subacute onset of neurologic deficits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells produce myelin in the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disorder?

<p>Multiple sclerosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Luxol fast blue stain?

<p>To identify areas of demyelination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic pathology seen in acute hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

<p>Loss of myelin surrounding axons of nerves with relative preservation of axon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immune cells react against myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis?

<p>Th1 and Th17 T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Acute Necrotizing Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis (ANE)?

<p>Inflammatory infiltrate in the lesions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of inactive plaques in MS?

<p>Inflammatory infiltrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic pathology seen in acute hypoxic ischemic demyelination?

<p>Necrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Demyelinating Disorders?

<p>Viral infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)?

<p>Infection of oligodendrocytes by JC virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

<p>Spinal cord neoplasms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Hypoxic Ischemic Demyelination?

<p>Cherry red spots in the white matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)?

<p>Viral infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP)?

<p>Loss of deep tendon reflexes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Anti-Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) Neuropathy?

<p>Associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common hereditary neuropathy that affects both motor and sensory function?

<p>Charcot Marie Tooth Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord?

<p>Loss of deep tendon reflexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of demyelinating disorders?

<p>Demyelination of peripheral nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

<p>Presence of plaques in the central nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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