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• Notes on Canada during World War I from provided documents

Canada in WWI

• War in the 19th century involved cavalry and bayonet charges, but WWI was stagnant and bloody, leading soldiers to dig trenches for protection.
• Trench warfare led to extensive trench systems, often hundreds of miles long.
• Soldiers in the trenches suffered from sleep deprivation and battle fatigue.
• Rats and lice were rampant in the trenches, and wet conditions led to "trench foot."
• New weapons and strategies led to many casualties.

Canada's Stance

• Sir Robert Borden, the Prime Minister, declared Canada's intentions regarding WWI in the Commons on August 19, 1914.
• Canada had no quarrel with the German people, but they were being dominated by a military autocracy.
• Canadians looked forward with steadfast eyes and were willing to endure trials.
• All were in agreement: Canada stood shoulder to shoulder with the other British dominions in this conflict to maintain solemn pledges and uphold principles of liberty.

Preparing for War

• The Canadian Government passed the War Measures Act:
• Censored communication.
• Allowed arrest, detention, exclusion, and deportation.
• Total control over Canadian waters and transportation.
• Control over trade, production, and manufacturing.
• Sam Hughes was appointed Minister of Militia, commissioned to prepare Canada for war.
• Hughes started a massive recruitment drive, targeting English Canadian men to fight for the mother country with the military created on a voluntary basis.

Pre-War Europe

• Tensions had been growing for a long time as the 19th century ended.
• Imperialism and industrialization increased demands for land and resources, causing disagreements.
• Britain, its trade and navy flourished, and was the envy of European countries, choosing to grow in power worldwide.
• Germany's founder passed away, and Wilhelm took over, disliking how Britain held back his expansion and power.
• Germany had a powerful army and economy but couldn't expand overseas.
• France battled Germany over territories in 1870 and lost, seeking revenge. War between France and Germany was inevitable.
• Russia wanted to increase its status through military and protected fellow Slavic states against threatening nations.
• Austria-Hungary was multinational, and civil war was a constant threat. The country looked to Germany for alliance.

Canada at the Turn of the Century

• Policies implemented for prosperity:
• High tariffs on US and British imports protected Canadian manufacturers in the Canadian market.
• Railway creation supported western settlement and trade, with existing CPR and CNR lines supplemented to boost expansion.
• Clifford Sifton, Minister of the Interior, aimed to populate the west, needing laborers to extract resources and closing of US public land led to Canada becoming the best chance for settlement.
• Canada gained Confederation in 1867 as part of the British Empire.
• English Canada had pride for England, while the French sought to protect culture and were outraged that Canada would send troops for the war without them.

Accurate Depictions of Life in Canada?

• Posters with amazing farmlands and texts above about equalled gold.
• Showed the rich farmlands and Canada needed entire families.

Canada in 1900

• Canada was very different from what it is today.
• Ottawa was the capital city, and its constitution cannot be amended without British consent.
• Newfoundland was not a part of it, but Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba were.
• Ontario, Ontario, Quebec had districts, and Alberta and Saskatchewan were not provinces yet.
• Canada was primarily British and male-governed.
• Most people lived on farms, not in cities.
• There were French speakers present.

The M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI

• M.A.I.N. refers t Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism

Militarism

• Militarism is building and maintaining strong military force.
• Germany pushed Europe closer to war by building up its army.

Alliances

• Alliances formed to strengthen one another with countries like France, Russia and Britain.

Imperialism

• Imperialism is extending a country's power over other territories.
• It led to competition for colonies and served as markets for manufactured goods.

Nationalism

• Nationalism is a set of beliefs promoting the collective interest and cultural identity of a nation.
• The events in Sarajevo are seen as nationalistic because the assasin belonged to a nationalist group that wanted Serbia freed from Austrian control.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• The Archduke and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28th, 1914 being responsible for the start of WWI.

• Key points about the event

• Heirs to the throne of Austria-Hungary.

• Bosnia was annexed by country.

• Shot by Gavrilo Princep, member of the Serbian group called "Black Hand".

• Events following the assassination.

• Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia.

• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

• Russia began to mobilize troops.

• Germany declared war on Russia and France.

• Germany’s invasion of France through Belgium led the British to declare war on Germany.

  Who formed triple alliance and triple entente

• why are the events that occurred in sarajevo seen as nationalism

• where are all the places on the map of Europe

• what the war measures act is