Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is counseling?
What is counseling?
Counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals.
What does a rehabilitation counselor do?
What does a rehabilitation counselor do?
A rehabilitation counselor works with people who are struggling with personal, social, or physical disabilities that affect their ability to gain employment or even live independently.
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of an effective counselor?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of an effective counselor?
What is a subjective final goal, in the context of Adlerian therapy?
What is a subjective final goal, in the context of Adlerian therapy?
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According to Adlerian therapy individuals are determined by their early childhood experiences.
According to Adlerian therapy individuals are determined by their early childhood experiences.
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What is the purpose of the therapeutic relationship in Adlerian therapy?
What is the purpose of the therapeutic relationship in Adlerian therapy?
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What does 'Gemeinschaftsgefühl' mean, in the context of Adlerian therapy?
What does 'Gemeinschaftsgefühl' mean, in the context of Adlerian therapy?
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What is one of the main goals of Gestalt therapy?
What is one of the main goals of Gestalt therapy?
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What are some techniques used in Gestalt therapy?
What are some techniques used in Gestalt therapy?
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What is the actualizing tendency in person-centered therapy?
What is the actualizing tendency in person-centered therapy?
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Which of these is NOT a core condition in person-centered therapy?
Which of these is NOT a core condition in person-centered therapy?
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Person-centered therapy typically emphasizes a long-term approach compared to other forms of therapy.
Person-centered therapy typically emphasizes a long-term approach compared to other forms of therapy.
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What is one of the key assumptions of existential therapy?
What is one of the key assumptions of existential therapy?
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Existential therapy focuses heavily on examining early childhood experiences as a primary source of problems.
Existential therapy focuses heavily on examining early childhood experiences as a primary source of problems.
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Which of these is NOT a major point of existential-humanistic therapy?
Which of these is NOT a major point of existential-humanistic therapy?
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Why is the relationship between therapist and client so critical in existential therapy?
Why is the relationship between therapist and client so critical in existential therapy?
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What was significant about Carl Rogers's approach to therapy?
What was significant about Carl Rogers's approach to therapy?
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Person-centered therapy assumes that only a highly trained therapist can facilitate positive change in a client.
Person-centered therapy assumes that only a highly trained therapist can facilitate positive change in a client.
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What is the emphasis of Gestalt therapy, in terms of how individuals experience the world?
What is the emphasis of Gestalt therapy, in terms of how individuals experience the world?
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Which of these is NOT considered a part of the theoretical framework of Psychoanalysis?
Which of these is NOT considered a part of the theoretical framework of Psychoanalysis?
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Psychoanalytic theory is considered a humanistic approach to understanding the individual.
Psychoanalytic theory is considered a humanistic approach to understanding the individual.
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Freud believed that each individual is born with a set of innate drives called instincts which significantly influence their behavior.
Freud believed that each individual is born with a set of innate drives called instincts which significantly influence their behavior.
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Jung's theory of analytical psychology views the subconscious as a primarily negative force that needs to be overcome.
Jung's theory of analytical psychology views the subconscious as a primarily negative force that needs to be overcome.
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What are some of the more well-known archetypes described in Jungian psychology?
What are some of the more well-known archetypes described in Jungian psychology?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Counseling
- Counseling is a professional relationship empowering diverse individuals, families, and groups to achieve mental health, wellness, education, and career goals.
The Counselor's Identity
- The word "guidance" first appeared around the 1600s, defined as guiding an individual.
- Early guidance involved moralistic, direct advice, continuing into the 20th century with vocational guidance.
- Counselors used "guidance" to describe helping individuals into professions and life skills.
- The word "counseling" was then adopted to indicate vocational counselors, like psychotherapists, who address social and emotional issues.
- A counselor is a professional practicing counseling; their training is broad.
- Counselors work with individuals, groups, and families.
- They administer and interpret educational and psychological assessments, provide career counseling, and administer grants and conduct research.
- Counselors in Southeast Asia work in various areas, including career guidance, delivering curricula, providing psychoeducation, and direct work with students, parents, and teachers.
The Counselor as a Therapeutic Person
- Counseling is an intimate form of learning demanding an authentic practitioner in a therapeutic relationship.
- Theories and techniques don't heal clients, but the human dimension of therapy and interactions between
- therapist and client matters most.
Types of Counselors
- School counselors/guidance counselors address social and academic issues for students.
- Marriage and Family Counselors/Therapists work with individuals, couples, and families on relationship issues, like communication problems, divorce, and loss.
- Rehabilitation counselors work with individuals with personal, social, or physical disabilities to help them gain employment or live independently.
Counselor vs. Psychotherapist
- Counselors address short-term issues, focusing on action and behavior.
- They provide secondary processes, offer guidance, and support.
- Psychotherapists tackle recurring problems, focusing on feelings and experience.
- They typically use talk therapy and other methods.
Characteristics of an Effective Counselor
- Effective counselors have an identity.
- They respect and appreciate themselves, are open to change, and make life-oriented choices.
- They are authentic, sincere, and honest.
- Effective counselors generally live in the present and appreciate culture, being passionate and able to maintain healthy boundaries.
- Highly responsible counselors deeply involve themselves in their work, deriving meaning from it.
Other Types of Mental Health Professionals
- Social workers traditionally work with underprivileged individuals and families, providing counseling and psychotherapy.
- Clinical psychologists focus on more severe mental health conditions, placing great importance on pathology.
- Psychiatrists are licensed physicians specializing in psychiatry and completing extensive residency training, including extensive field placements.
- Psychometrists administer and interpret neuropsychological and psychological tests under the guidance of clinical psychologists or neuropsychologists.
Personal Therapy for the Counselor
- Personal therapy models therapeutic practice showing what's helpful in treatment.
- It enhances interpersonal skills, helping deal with work-related stresses.
- It contributes to the therapist's professional work.
Wellness Factors for Counselors
- Total wellness is a measure of one's general well-being (including creative self, thinking, feelings, control, and work).
- Effective wellness involves mental activity, creativity, emotional awareness, the ability to set goals, and work satisfaction.
Factors to Consider in Counseling
- Religious/spiritual identity
- Economic background
- Sexual identity
- Level of psychological development
- Ethnic/racial identity
- Chronological challenges
- Trauma and threats to well-being
- Family background
- Physical characteristics
- Unique residence and language differences
The Role of Values in Counseling
- Value imposition is unethical.
- Counselors should know their values and avoid imposing them on clients and respect their beliefs.
- This especially applies when a counselor's values are inconsistent with the client's goals or are discriminatory in nature.
- Goals must be compatible, understood, and respected by both the counselor and the client.
- Value imposition happens when the therapist tries to force their model of value onto clients.
Acquiring Competencies in Multicultural Counseling
- Sue, Arredondo, and McDavis (1992) and Arredondo and colleagues (1996) developed a framework for competencies in multicultural counseling.
- The dimensions of competency involve beliefs and attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Essential components include:
- moving from cultural unawareness.
- understanding racial and cultural heritage's personal and professional impacts
- acquiring skills in culturally diverse populations and processes like setting goals
Issues Faced by Beginning Counselors
- Dealing with anxiety
- Being yourself/ Self-disclosure
- Avoiding perfectionism
- Understanding silence
- Dealing with client demanding behaviors
- Dealing with clients who lack commitment.
- Tolerating ambiguity
- Becoming aware of countertransference
- Developing a sense of humor.
- Sharing responsibility with the client
- Learning to use techniques appropriately
Theories and Skills in Counseling
- Counseling theory is a comprehensive system to conceptualize, diagnose, and treat client problems.
- It guides techniques, applying and predicting change.
- Theories help avoid chaotic practice by providing a framework.
- The most important aspect of any theory is its view of human nature, impacting how it's formed.
Psychodynamic Theory
- Sigmund Freud dominated early psychodynamic theory, focused on the unconscious mind,
- Today, psychodynamic approaches consider unconscious and conscious factors, early childhood experiences, and past-present interactions.
- These approaches include psychoanalysis, analytical therapy, and individual psychology (Adlerian therapy).
Psychoanalysis
- Psychoanalysis is a type of psychodynamic theory developed by Freud and uses tools like free association, dream analysis, and defense mechanism interpretation.
- Rooted in biological determinism, it emphasizes the impact of instincts on behavior and experiences from the first five to six years of life.
- The life instinct (Eros) is associated with cooperation, collaboration, and harmony while the death instinct (Thanatos) is reflected in fear, hate, destructive behaviors, and aggression.
- It has three structures of personality, Id (primitive and instinctive), Ego (rationality and reality principle), and Superego (sense of right and wrong).
- There are psychosexual stages (Oral, Anal, Phallic, and Genital) where conflicts can emerge when needs are not met properly.
- Several defense mechanisms that help manage anxiety include repression, denial, projection, displacement, regression, and sublimation.
Analytical Psychology (Jungian Therapy)
- Jung departed from Freud's deterministic views, emphasizing the conscious, the idea of a collective unconscious, and the importance of integrating experiences.
- Jung's theory proposed that each individual has a unique psychological type, including introversion-extraversion and thinking-feeling, which impacts perception and processing.
- Concepts include archetypes (persona, shadow, anima/animus) and complexes.
Individual Psychology (Adlerian Therapy)
- Emphasis is on "goal-directed process" that seeks wholeness and fulfillment.
- It focuses on feelings of inferiority, subjective meaning, and style of life.
- Factors to consider include birth order and early childhood recollections to understand how this may have impacted current behaviors and overall life style.
- Individual psychology emphasizes social interest as necessary to feeling belonging and connectedness.
Existential-Humanistic Approaches
- Existential approaches emphasize subjective reality, de-emphasize the unconscious, and focus on consciousness and awareness.
- They assert that individuals are responsible for creating meaning in their own lives, even amidst anxieties and dread.
- The emphasis is the therapeutic relationship as a shared journey and the ability to understand the meaning of life to find fulfillment.
Person-Centered Counseling
- Carl Rogers developed this nondirective approach focused on the therapist's genuine, unconditional positive regard, and empathy.
- Core conditions are vital—the relationship builds mutual understanding essential for change.
- Change occurs as the client becomes more authentic and congruent with their true selves.
Gestalt Therapy
- Gestalt therapy, developed by Fritz Perls, emphasizes self-awareness, experiencing the present, and confronting "unfinished business."
- Techniques include awareness exercises, using "I" statements, the empty-chair technique, and exaggerating behaviors.
- Focuses on immediate experience to gain insight and take ownership of behaviors.
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