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Questions and Answers
What is the optimum temperature for barley flowering?
Which method of planting barley is NOT mentioned?
What is the recommended seeding depth for barley to increase yield?
When is winter barley typically planted?
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What is the ideal seeding rate for barley?
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Which condition is necessary for tiller formation in barley?
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What practice is typically NOT required for barley production?
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Under what rainfall conditions is the application of N not necessary for barley in Jordan?
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What is the recommended moisture content for harvesting barley to minimize spoilage?
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What is one method to control smut in barley?
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How is nuda loose smut primarily transferred?
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Which of the following is a method for controlling powdery mildew?
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What type of insects can affect barley, as mentioned in the content?
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Which of these diseases is NOT considered a fungal disease affecting barley?
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What is a recommended control method for the weeds commonly found in barley cultivation?
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Which crop rotation method involves barley and fallow?
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What is the primary origin of Hordeum vulgare?
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Which type of barley has one developed spikelet per node on each side?
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Which part of the barley plant reaches a depth of 1-1.5 meters?
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Which growth stage follows the germination stage in barley cultivation?
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Barley is primarily grown in which climatic condition?
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What is the primary use of barley?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of barley glumes?
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What environmental condition can barley tolerate at temperatures of up to 32°C?
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Study Notes
Origin and History of Barley
- Hordeum vulgare, or barley, originated in the Near East, making it a major crop in semiarid regions.
- Wheat is less adapted in these areas, leading to barley's prevalence in places like the Middle East and North Africa.
- Significant barley producers include South Korea, Iran, India, Turkey, Ethiopia, and Canada.
- Primary uses of barley are for animal feed and malting.
Botanical Description
- Barley inflorescence is a spike with two main types:
- Two-row barley (Hordeum distichum) has one developed spikelet per node, each with one floret.
- Six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare) features three spikelets per node and is also characterized by its floret configuration.
- Glumes are reduced and hair-like, with most cultivars exhibiting awns on the lemma, which can be smooth or rough.
- Hulless barley (naked barley) lacks attachment of lemma and palea to the caryopsis.
- Leaf structure includes large clasping auricles, small ligules, and leaves with a waxy coating.
- The root system is fibrous, typically reaching depths of 1-1.5 meters.
Growth Stages
- Barley growth progresses through:
- Germination
- Seedling establishment
- Tillering
- Stem elongation
- Boot stage
- Heading
- Ripening
Environmental Requirements
- Barley is a cool-season crop optimal for semiarid regions; it tolerates drought, high temperatures (up to 32°C dry), frost, and salt.
- Grows best in heavier soils with a pH of 7-8; however, its yields drop under unfavorable conditions.
- Temperature conditions for growth:
- Germination: 4-30°C
- Vegetative growth: 24°C
- Flowering: 30°C
- Cool conditions with short days promote tiller formation.
- Winter barley is planted in fall and harvested in early summer, while spring barley is suited for regions with severe winter conditions.
Production Practices
- Tillage and seedbed preparation for barley resemble that of wheat.
- Seeding methods include broadcasting and grain drilling, with Jordan showing optimal yield at depths of 8-10 cm over shallower sowing.
- Ideal seeding dates in Jordan are November-December; early planting yields better results than late planting.
- Recommended seeding rate is 100 kg/ha; over-planting can lead to weak stems.
- Fertilization practices in Jordan involve:
- Minimal nitrogen application in low rainfall areas.
- Top dressing with nitrogen if rainfall is higher, along with phosphorous application at seeding.
Harvesting Techniques
- Barley is harvested with self-propelled combines, ideally at moisture content below 15%.
- In areas experiencing shattering, windrowing allows drying in the field; high moisture harvesting can lead to spoilage due to heating.
Crop Rotation
- Common rotations include barley followed by barley itself or fallow.
Diseases
- Common barley diseases include:
- Smut: Fungal disease replacing kernels with spores, managed via resistant cultivars and chemical treatments.
- Nuda loose smut: Entire flowers replaced by spores; controlled through resistance and hot water treatments.
- Fungal diseases like stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust are managed through resistant cultivars.
- Powdery mildew is controlled with sulfur dust.
- Ergot is characterized by hard spore masses replacing grain, manageable with resistant cultivars.
Weeds and Insect Control
- Major weeds include pigweed, lambsquarters, thistle, and wild oat, managed through mechanized seedbed preparation and herbicides.
- Insect pests like aphids and grasshoppers are controlled through genetic resistance and chemical insecticides, respectively.
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