Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the recommended treatment for acute hordeolum?
What is the recommended treatment for acute hordeolum?
What is the etiological agent for Blepharitis?
What is the etiological agent for Blepharitis?
Which bacterial infections are commonly associated with Hordeolum and Chalazion?
Which bacterial infections are commonly associated with Hordeolum and Chalazion?
What is the primary symptom of Acute Dacryocystitis?
What is the primary symptom of Acute Dacryocystitis?
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Which organism can cause chronic dacryocystitis?
Which organism can cause chronic dacryocystitis?
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What is the primary pathological event in the formation of hordeolum (Stye)?
What is the primary pathological event in the formation of hordeolum (Stye)?
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Which treatment is contraindicated in children and pregnant women for Blepharitis?
Which treatment is contraindicated in children and pregnant women for Blepharitis?
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What is the etiological agent of Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum?
What is the etiological agent of Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum?
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What may occur if Hordeolum does not drain spontaneously or is not incised?
What may occur if Hordeolum does not drain spontaneously or is not incised?
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How does Trachoma differ from other chlamydial diseases?
How does Trachoma differ from other chlamydial diseases?
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Which medication should be used cautiously in children for Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum?
Which medication should be used cautiously in children for Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum?
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What reaction leads to the diagnosis of Blepharitis due to Demodex folliculorum?
What reaction leads to the diagnosis of Blepharitis due to Demodex folliculorum?
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What is the primary etiological agent for Blepharitis?
What is the primary etiological agent for Blepharitis?
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What is the main diagnostic feature of Hordeolum (Stye)?
What is the main diagnostic feature of Hordeolum (Stye)?
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Which of the following infections may Hordeolum and Chalazion be caused by?
Which of the following infections may Hordeolum and Chalazion be caused by?
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What is the primary consequence if Hordeolum does not drain spontaneously or is not incised?
What is the primary consequence if Hordeolum does not drain spontaneously or is not incised?
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Which medication is contraindicated in children and pregnant women for treating Blepharitis?
Which medication is contraindicated in children and pregnant women for treating Blepharitis?
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What is the main histopathological characteristic of Chalazion?
What is the main histopathological characteristic of Chalazion?
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What is the primary symptom of Chronic Dacryocystitis?
What is the primary symptom of Chronic Dacryocystitis?
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Which medication is typically used as empirical therapy for Acute Dacryocystitis?
Which medication is typically used as empirical therapy for Acute Dacryocystitis?
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What can cause Chronic dacryocystitis?
What can cause Chronic dacryocystitis?
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Which disease is limited to infecting only epithelial cells of the eye and nasopharynx with no systemic involvement?
Which disease is limited to infecting only epithelial cells of the eye and nasopharynx with no systemic involvement?
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What distinguishes Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum from trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis?
What distinguishes Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum from trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis?
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Which antibiotics are commonly recommended for the treatment of Trachoma?
Which antibiotics are commonly recommended for the treatment of Trachoma?
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Study Notes
Etiological Agents of Eye Diseases
- Etiological agents affecting the eyes vary depending on the area and type of tissue affected
- Disease spread can be divided into four categories:
- Eyelids and surrounding tissue
- Conjunctiva
- Cornea
- Intraocular area
Blepharitis
- Etiological agent: Demodex folliculorum (a mite) followed by bacterial infection Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Diagnosis: allergic reaction to the mite residing in eyelash or eyebrow follicles
- Treatment:
- Glucocorticoid for allergic reaction
- Doxycycline or Minocycline (contra-indicated in children and pregnant women)
- Azithromycin (alternative)
Hordeolum and Chalazion
- Etiological agents:
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Proteus sp.
- Diagnosis:
- Obstruction of gland orifice (Meibomian, Zeis, or Moll)
- Red, painful nodule with yellowish top
- Acute suppurative inflammation
- Treatment:
- Erythromycin for susceptible strains and prevention of corneal and conjunctival infections
- Cephalexin for acute hordeolum
- Doxycycline for recurrent lesions or significant meibomitis
- Chalazion evolves from hordeolum that do not drain spontaneously or are not incised
- Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation may occur
Acute Dacryocystitis
- Etiological agents:
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Treatment:
- Coamoxiclav
- Sultamicillin
- Levofloxacin
- Tobramycin ophthalmic
- Tobramycin plus dexamethasone ophthalmic
- Diagnosis:
- Infection of lacrimal sac secondary to obstruction of lacrimal duct
- Pain in tear sac area
- Erythema, edema, purulent discharge, and epiphora
Chronic Dacryocystitis
- Etiological agents:
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Hemophilus influenzae
- Candida albicans
- Aspergillus spp.
- Actinomyces spp.
- Treatment:
- Topical sulfacetamide
- Erythromycin
- Ciprofloxacin
- Gatifloxacin
- Ofloxacin
- Besifloxacin (new agent)
- Diagnosis:
- Chronic conjunctivitis
- Severe corneal inflammation
- Isolation of Gram-negative slender rod
Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum
- Etiological agent: Chlamydia trachomatis
- Diagnosis:
- Chlamydial disease transmitted during birth
- Inflammation begins 5 days after birth
- Corneal scars, conjunctival scars, and micro pannus formation
- Inclusions in epithelial cells of the conjunctiva
- Treatment:
- Azithromycin
- Erythromycin
- Doxycycline (DOC, but caution in children)
Trachoma
- Etiological agent: Chlamydia trachomatis
- Diagnosis:
- Limited to epithelial cells of the eye and nasopharynx
- No systemic involvement
- Worldwide distribution
- Greatest single cause of blindness
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Description
This quiz covers different etiological agents that can affect the eyes, based on the area and type of tissue affected. It also includes information on diseases spread to various parts of the eye like eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, and intraocular areas. Specifically, it delves into Blepharitis, discussing etiological agents like Demodex folliculorum and bacterial infections from Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis.
