Eye Function and Visual Abilities

Light from the environment is gathered, regulated by the iris, focused by lenses, and transformed into an image that travels through the optic nerve to the brain.

A thin layer of cells with a peripheral zone (field of vision) and a central zone, the macula lutea (visual acuity).

Converts light energy into electrical signals for the brain. Also responsible for color perception (cones) and spatial awareness.

The distorted and inverted image is projected onto the curved surface of the retina.

Vision in low light conditions, enabled by specialized cells called rods.

Chemical reactions in cones and rods convert light signals into electrical signals sent to the brain.

The occipital lobe, specifically Brodmann areas 17-18-19, processes three-dimensional images.

A blind spot exists in both retinas where the optic nerve connects, and no image can be perceived.

A system that uses a camera and screen to magnify printed or handwritten documents. It allows for adjustments in brightness, contrast, zoom, and color combinations.

A portable device that magnifies objects at a distance. It has a built-in screen, lights, and cameras, allowing for image capture, zooming, and adjustments in contrast and color.

A tool that reads text aloud on a computer screen. It can be used with websites, documents, and email.

Used to convert images of printed text into a format that can be read by computers. This enables screen readers to read the content of the printed documents.

Software that reads text aloud on a computer screen. It can be used with websites, documents, and email. Used in Microsoft operating systems (Windows).

A technology that recognizes handwritten text. It can be considered a more advanced form of OCR that can understand handwritten characters.

A screen reader specifically designed for Apple's iOS operating system. It reads aloud the content displayed on the screen and can be activated using the F5 key on both computers and mobile devices. It also supports reading printed text.

A device that converts printed text into a format that can be read by a speech synthesizer. It works by scanning text, converting it into a digital format, and then using a speech synthesizer to read the text aloud.

A device for writing braille using a stylus and a frame to guide the writing process. There are different formats available, with varying cell and row configurations.

A component of a braille tablet, consisting of two rows of cells where each cell can accommodate up to six raised dots. The ruler functions as a guide to ensure accurate writing.

The basic unit of Braille writing, containing six dots arranged in two columns and three rows. The arrangement and combination of dots represent different letters, numbers, and symbols.

63 unique combinations can be created using the six dots within a braille cell. Including the blank space, there are 64 possible variations.

In reading, the dots are numbered from left to right and top to bottom in the first three columns and right to left and top to bottom in the last three columns. In writing, the numbering is reversed: right to left and top to bottom in the first three columns and left to right and top to bottom in the last three columns.

The Braille code is organized into five series of ten signs each, along with thirteen additional free signs. Each series builds upon the previous one by adding specific dots to the signs.

A machine with 6 keys plus space, line break, and carriage return, allowing users to write in Braille by simultaneously pressing the correct combination of keys. Characters are legible immediately and written from left to right.

It originated from a military code invented by Charles Barbier de La Serre and was perfected by Louis Braille. It was officially adopted in France in 1854 and extended to other European languages later through translations.

It can print Braille using conversion software from a PC, either printing on one side of a sheet or both sides. Some printers can produce both Braille and black and white printing, allowing for use by both sighted and visually impaired individuals.

A system composed of dots, cells, rows, and tools like a Braille tablet, dattilo, and printer. These elements work together to create the unique Braille code.

The Braille bar or display interacts with a PC, allowing users to write Braille by selecting text on the screen and converting it to raised dots. The bar acts as an input device when writing Braille, and the text appears on the PC monitor in text format.

They use a scanner case containing speech synthesis, enabling the reading of printed material. These readers can be controlled by both voice and manual commands.

They consist of a base, an arm, and a camera, offering more versatility and ease of use compared to first generation readers. They can be controlled by both voice and manual commands.

They involve placing the NUMBER SIGN dots (3-4-5-6) before the number, then using the first series of Braille from a to j to represent the numbers from 1 to 9 and then 0.