Eye Disorders: Keratitis and Diabetic Retinopathy

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Questions and Answers

What year should diabetics have an ophthalmologic exam to monitor for potential blindness?

Every two years

Every six months

Every five years

Every year (correct)

Which feature is NOT a characteristic of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Presence of copper-silver wiring (correct)

Blindness may develop

New vessels bleed easily

Neovascularization near the optic disc

What does papilledema indicate when observed during an eye examination?

Possible brain tumor (correct)

Hyperglycemia

Normal retinal condition

Mild hypertension

In hypertensive retinopathy, what leads to the appearance known as copper-silver wiring?

Thickened arterial walls causing increased light reflex Signup and view all the answers

What primary area of vision is affected by senile macular degeneration?

Central field of vision Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with keratitis?

Photophobia Signup and view all the answers

What factors can lead to non-infectious keratitis?

Trauma Signup and view all the answers

Which type of staining is used to diagnose keratitis?

Fluorescein stain Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical recurrence rate for herpetic keratitis caused by HSV-1?

25% Signup and view all the answers

Which visible sign is characteristic of herpetic keratitis as seen under a slit lamp examination?

Dendritic ulcers Signup and view all the answers

What immediate action should be taken for suspected keratitis cases?

Refer to an ophthalmologist Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a symptom of keratitis?

Headaches Signup and view all the answers

What might be seen in the anterior chamber during a case of keratitis?

Pus (hypopyon) Signup and view all the answers

What are the common symptoms associated with Meniere's disease?

Severe isolated vertigo attacks Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically associated with the onset of Meniere's disease?

Aging Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms distinguishes central vertigo from peripheral vertigo?

Presence of hearing loss Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may primarily cause vertigo without affecting hearing?

Vestibular neuronitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible etiology for earache?

Cold wind exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is a key pathophysiological feature in Meniere’s disease?

Endolymphatic hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the mechanism of vertigo in Meniere’s disease?

Break in membrane separating endolymph and perilymph Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by both severe vertigo and hearing loss?

Meniere's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason anterior nasal septum deviation is important to examine?

It may lead to nasal stuffiness and frequent colds. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a common cause of septal perforation?

Chronic allergic rhinitis Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the frontal sinus typically not fully developed yet?

18 years Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the incidence of acute bacterial sinusitis in relation to viral infections?

80% of acute bacterial sinusitis follows a viral upper respiratory infection. Signup and view all the answers

What symptom likely indicates a sinus infection rather than a simple upper respiratory infection?

Thick and purulent nasal discharge Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure is least likely to be directly affected by sinusitis?

Auditory tube opening Signup and view all the answers

Chronic sinusitis may be difficult to treat if associated with blockage of which area?

Middle meatus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can result from an abscess in the nasal area?

Severe brain infection Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukoplakia is characterized by uniform white plaques on the buccal mucosa?

Homogenous oral leukoplakia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk associated with erythroplakia?

High likelihood of early squamous cell carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes verrucous oral leukoplakia from homogenous oral leukoplakia?

It has white plaques on an erythematous base Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of candidiasis (thrush)?

Cannot be scraped off Signup and view all the answers

Which complication of sinusitis can lead to death within 2-3 days?

Cavernous sinus thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary associated factor for the development of leukoplakia?

Chronic irritation from irritants Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by loss of papillae leading to a slick tongue?

Glossitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common population affected by oral candidiasis?

Infants and immunocompromised patients Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Keratitis (Corneal Inflammation)

Keratitis is inflammation of the cornea.
Infectious causes include bacterial, viral (Herpes simplex & zoster), and fungal.
Non-infectious causes include contact lens wear, trauma, and corneal burn.
Symptoms include pain, photophobia, blurred vision, and little or no discharge.
A fluorescein stain can be used to identify damaged epithelium.
Hypopyon, which is pus in the anterior chamber, may also be present.
If keratitis is suspected, refer to an ophthalmologist immediately.

Herpetic Eye Diseases

HSV-1 often starts on the cornea with keratitis.
A slit lamp exam can reveal dendritic ulcers with terminal bulbs.
There is a 25% chance of recurrence.
Common symptoms include pain, photophobia, and blurred vision.

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina.
It is the leading cause of preventable blindness in people with diabetes.
There are two main types: background retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Symptoms include blurred vision, floaters, and difficulty seeing at night.
Treatment options include laser surgery, injections, and vitrectomy.

Hypertensive Retinopathy

Hypertensive retinopathy is a complication of high blood pressure that affects the blood vessels in the retina.
Symptoms include blurred vision, floaters, and difficulty seeing at night.
Common signs include copper-silver wiring, A/V nicking, flame hemorrhages, and soft exudates.

Senile Macular Degeneration

Senile macular degeneration is a condition that affects the macula, which is the central part of the retina.
It is the leading cause of vision loss in people over 50.
There are two types: dry and wet.
Symptoms include blurred vision, distorted vision, and a blind spot in the center of vision.
Treatment options include vitamin supplements, laser surgery, and injections.

Vertigo

Vertigo is the sensation of motion or spinning when there is no movement.
It can be caused by both ear (peripheral) and central nervous system (central) disease.
Peripheral vertigo is often severe and can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
Central vertigo is usually mild.

Earache

Earache can be caused by a variety of factors, including ear infections, middle ear canal inflammation, tumors, and referred pain from other areas of the body, such as the jaw or teeth.
It can be a symptom of serious medical conditions, so it's important to see a doctor if you have persistent earache.

Inner Ear Diseases

Inner ear diseases can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
Common examples include Meniere's disease, vestibular neuronitis, benign positional vertigo, and acoustic neuroma.

Meniere's Disease

Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
The cause is unknown, but it may be related to fluid buildup in the inner ear.
Symptoms can vary from person to person, but they typically include sudden, severe attacks of vertigo that can last for several hours, progressive hearing loss, and tinnitus that is either constant or intermittent.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses, which are air-filled cavities in the skull.
It can be caused by a virus, bacteria, or allergies.
Symptoms include facial pain, pressure, congestion, and a runny nose.
Complications can include orbital or periorbital cellulitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis.

Disorders of the Mouth & Throat

Leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque on the lining of the mouth that cannot be scraped off.
Erythroplakia is a red patch on the lining of the mouth.
Candidiasis (thrush) is an infection of the mouth caused by the fungus Candida albicans.
Glossitis is a condition that causes the tongue to become swollen and lose its papillae.
Glossodynia is a condition that causes pain and burning sensation in the tongue.

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Description

This quiz covers critical information on keratitis, herpetic eye diseases, and diabetic retinopathy. Participants will learn about symptoms, causes, and diagnostic methods associated with these eye disorders. Test your knowledge and understanding of these common ophthalmic conditions!