Eye Diseases and Visual Perception

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Questions and Answers

What does ectropion refer to?

  • Increased sensitivity to light
  • Eversion of the eyelid edge outward (correct)
  • Drooping of the eyelid
  • Inversion of the eyelid edge inward

Which nerve is commonly associated with lagophthalmos?

  • Facial nerve (correct)
  • Abducens nerve
  • Oculomotor nerve
  • Trigeminal nerve

What is the primary treatment method for age-related cataracts?

  • Surgical intervention (correct)
  • Conservative management
  • Physiotherapy treatment
  • Laser treatment

Which symptom is not typical of an acute glaucoma attack?

<p>Miosis with direct pupil reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the nutrition of the lens primarily accomplished?

<p>The lens doesn't receive direct nutrient supply (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the upper limit of normal intraocular pressure measured by a tonometer of 10 g?

<p>26 mm Hg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of optic neuritis, how does visual acuity typically change?

<p>Significantly decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used first for a penetrating eyeball wound?

<p>Apply an eye patch and transfer the patient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of treatment would mydriatics be indicated for?

<p>Iridocyclitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the refractive power of the lens at rest?

<p>18-20 D (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnosis is suggested for a patient exhibiting pain in the field of vision, decreased vision, precipitates on the corneal endothelium, miosis, and pericorneal injection?

<p>Fine iridocyclitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the process of visual perception begin?

<p>In the sensation of rods and cones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If corneal erosion shows a tree-like defect when stained, which diagnosis is most likely?

<p>Infection with herpetic keratitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the superior rectus muscle of the eye?

<p>Elevation of the eyeball upward (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is not typically included in acute iridocyclitis?

<p>Macular edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure of the eyeball possesses the highest number of sensory nerve fibers?

<p>Cornea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the visual acuity of newborns approximately?

<p>A few hundredths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient diagnosed with glaucoma should visit an ophthalmologist how often?

<p>Once every 3 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment method is most effective for complete obstruction of the lacrimal tract?

<p>Dacryocystorinostomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is least indicated in treating superficial tree-like keratitis caused by herpes simplex virus?

<p>Gentamicin r-r (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fine iridocyclitis

An inflammatory condition affecting the iris and ciliary body, characterized by pain, decreased vision, redness, and light sensitivity. This condition may also cause cloudiness in the eye.

Where does the process of visual perception begin?

The process of visual perception begins when light hits the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina, triggering a signal that travels through the neural pathway to the brain for interpretation.

Tree-like corneal erosion

A characteristic tree-like pattern seen when staining a corneal erosion suggests the presence of herpetic keratitis, caused by the herpes simplex virus.

Superior rectus muscle

The superior rectus muscle is a primary eye mover that elevates the eyeball upwards.

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Symptom NOT in acute iridocyclitis

Acute iridocyclitis typically presents with eyeball pain, photophobia, pericorneal injection, and lacrimation. Macular edema (swelling in the central part of the retina) is not a typical symptom.

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Which structure has most sensory nerves?

The cornea is the outermost transparent layer of the eye and contains a large number of sensory nerve fibers, making it highly sensitive to pain and touch.

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Main factor of joint involvement in iridocyclitis

Close anatomical proximity between the ciliary body and the iris allows for the spread of inflammation. This proximity allows for the inflammatory process to easily extend from one structure to another.

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Newborn visual acuity

Visual acuity in newborns is typically low, usually around a few hundredths.

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Glaucoma check-ups

A patient with glaucoma should visit an ophthalmologist regularly for monitoring and managing their condition. How often they need to visit can vary depending on the severity and type of glaucoma but usually every 3 months is recommended.

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Treatment for lacrimal tract obstruction

Dacryocystorinostomy is the most effective treatment for complete obstruction of the lacrimal tract. This procedure creates a new passageway for tears to drain properly.

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Ectropion

Turning the eyelid edge outward, often caused by aging or nerve damage. Imagine the eyelid trying to look outwards, away from the eye.

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Entropion

Turning the eyelid edge inward, causing lashes to brush against the eye, often leading to irritation and discomfort. Think of lashes rubbing against the cornea.

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Mature Cataract

Absence of light reflex from the fundus, a gray appearance of the lens, and visual acuity limited to light perception suggests advanced clouding of the lens.

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Surgical Treatment for Cataracts

The main method of restoring vision in age-related cataracts, involving surgical removal of the cloudy lens and replacement with an artificial lens.

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Stagnant Glaucoma

An eye condition characterized by high intraocular pressure (IOP), potentially damaging the optic nerve. This condition is often associated with a slow and unnoticed increase in IOP.

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Optic Neuritis

Inflammation of the optic nerve, often causing significant vision loss. The main symptom is a rapid decrease in visual acuity.

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Maklakov's Tonometer

A test used to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) in the eye. The normal upper limit of IOP measurement using Maklakov's tonometer is 26 mmHg.

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Aqueous Humor

The clear fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens. It is produced by the ciliary body and helps maintain the shape of the eye.

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Penetrating Eyeball Wound

A serious eye injury involving penetration of the eyeball, requiring immediate medical attention to prevent further damage and loss of sight.

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Retinal Detachment

The condition where a part of the retina detaches from the back of the eye. It is often associated with sudden flashes of light, floaters in vision, and a shadow or curtain in vision.

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Study Notes

Eye Diseases and Conditions

  • Fine iridocyclitis: Pain in the visual field, decreased vision, precipitates on the cornea, miosis, pericorneal injection.

  • Fine conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

  • Complex attack of glaucoma: Advanced glaucoma.

  • Lacrimal sac phlegmon: Infection and inflammation of the lacrimal sac.

  • Fine episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera..

Visual Perception

  • Visual perception begins in the sensation of cones and rods: These photoreceptor cells detect light.

Corneal Erosion

  • Tree-like defect on corneal staining: Suggests herpetic keratitis infection.

Eye Muscles

  • Superior rectus muscle: Elevates the eyeball upward.

Acute Iridocyclitis

  • Symptoms include: Photophobia, pericorneal injection, eyeball pain, lacrimation not macular edema.

Eye Structure and Nerve Fibers

  • Retina has the largest number of sensory nerve fibers: Transduces light signals.

Ciliary Body and Iris Inflammation

  • Joint involvement (inflammation): Due to anatomical proximity and shared vasculature & innervation of the ciliary body and iris.

Newborn Visual Acuity

  • Newborn visual acuity: A few hundredths.

Glaucoma Management

  • Glaucoma visits: Every 3 months.
    • Other: Also when iridescent circles appear before the eyes.

Lacrimal Tract Obstruction

  • Treatment: Dacryocystorhinostomy.

Cataracts

  • Manifestations: Gradual decrease in visual acuity.

  • Additional Considerations: Rapid decrease in visual acuity, photophobia, changes in the eye's refraction.

Orbit Examination

  • Methods include: Radiography, computed tomography (CT), perimetry, tonometry, biomicroscopy.

Iridocyclitis Treatment

  • Treatments: Mydriatics, topical and systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), dexamethasone drops.

Superficial Tree-like Keratitis

  • Least indicated treatments: Pilocarpine, gentamicin, tobramycin.
    • Most indicated treatments: Acyclovir, interferon.

Penetrating Eye Injury

  • Necessary tests: Radiography (Komberg-Baltin technique).

Lacrimation

  • Increased lacrimation in: Obstruction of lacrimal pathways.
    • Other: Not choroidretinitis, refractive errors, cataracts, or inversion of lacrimal points.

Keratitis

  • Symptoms: Photophobia, eye pain, blepharospasm, lacrimation.

Field of Vision Narrowing

  • Causes: Retinal detachment.

Hemeralopia

  • Acquired hemeralopia can occur due to: Insufficient intake of vitamin A, liver disease, diabetes.

Congenital Dacryocystitis

  • Treatment: Dacryocystorhinostomy.

Lagophthalmos

  • Cause: Commonly oculomotor nerve paralysis (n. oculomotorius communis)

Eyelid Eversion/Inversion

  • Ectropion: Eversion of the eyelid.
  • Entropion: Inversion of the eyelid.

Lens Nutrition

  • Lens nutrition: Ciliary body vessels.

Lens Refractive Power

  • Resting refractive power: 20 Diopters. (18-20D)

Lens Nutrient Vessels

  • Adult lens nutrition: Does not receive directly from blood vessels.
  • Other: Ciliary body vessels.

Cataract Diagnosis

  • Mature cataract: Absent fundus reflex, grey lens, correct light projection.
  • Treatment: Surgical.

Stagnant ZN (Zonules)

  • Visual acuity in early stages: Does not change.
    • Later: Moderately decreases, & significantly decreases.

Optic Neuritis

  • Visual acuity: Significantly decreases

Acute Glaucoma Symptoms

  • Symptoms exclude Miosis and direct light reaction.

Intraocular Pressure (IOP)

  • Normal limit (Maklakov tonometer): 20 mm Hg.

Aqueous Humor Production

  • Aqueous humor production: Processes of the ciliary body.

Penetrating Eye Injury First Aid

  • First aid: Application of an eye patch and urgent transfer to a specialized eye trauma center.

UV Radiation Impact

  • Primary effects: Cornea and conjunctiva.

Congenital Ptosis Complications

  • Possible complications: Amblyopia.

Myotics

  • Indications: Glaucoma. (Used to constrict pupils)

Chronic Purulent Dacryocystitis Complications

  • Possible Complications: Lacrimal sac phlegmon, corneal ulcer.

Mydriatics

  • Indications: Iridocyclitis.

Acute Glaucoma Treatment

  • Treatment: Pilocarpine, diacarb

Pericorneal Injection

  • Occurrence: Inflammation of the vascular membrane of the eye.

Nasolacrimal Canal Drainage

  • Nasolacrimal canal opening: Lower nasal passage.

Cornea Layers

  • Layers: 5 (Epithelium, Bowman membrane, stroma, Descemet's membrane, endothelium)

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