Eye and Vision: Sensory Study

• Sensory study involves eyes and vision

Eye and Vision

• Emmetropia refers to perfect vision with ideal refraction.
• Hyperopia is farsightedness, making it easier to see distant objects clearly.
• Myopia is nearsightedness, allowing one to see nearby objects clearly.
• Astigmatism arises from an uneven curvature of the cornea or eye.
• Miosis is pupillary constriction.
• Mydriasis refers to pupillary dilation.
• Presbyopia is the narrowing of the visual field due to age.
• Arcus senilis is an opaque blue rim around the cornea’s outer edge.
• Ptosis is the dropping of the eyelid.
• Mild ptosis involves a 2 mm droop.
• Moderate ptosis involves a 3 mm droop.
• Severe ptosis involves a droop of 4 mm or more.
• Anisocoria is the condition of having unequal pupils.

Patient with Vision Loss

• When approaching a patient with vision loss, it's important to:
• Knock before entering
• Announce your name and title
• Help them orient to the room using a focal point
• Help them orient to the table/plate with the clock method.
• Ensure their safety
• Explain everything you do before you do it

After Lens Replacement Surgery

• Avoid increasing intraocular pressure
• Measures to take:
• Avoid bending at the waist
• Avoid lifting more than 10 pounds
• Avoid sneezing or coughing
• Avoid blowing the nose forcefully
• Avoid straining during bowel movements
• Avoid vomiting
• Avoid sexual intercourse
• Avoid placing the head in a dependent position
• Avoid wearing tight shirt collars

Glaucoma

• Glaucoma results in increased IOP (Intraocular Pressure).
• Managed with eye drops and careful intraocular pressure monitoring (regular visits).
• Timolol (BBD eye drop) can be absorbed systemically, educate the patient about holding pressure in the inner canthus for a full minute.

Corneal Disorders

• Abrasion
• Can be treated by irrigating the eyes
• Ulceration
• Infection
• Can be identified through a red sclera and presence of exudate/crusts
• Use oral or topical antibiotics
• Prevent transmission
• Use warm compresses
• Pain management
• Prescribed medication

Retinal Disorders

• Macular degeneration is linked to hypertension.
• Retinal holes, tears, and detachment are also linked to hypertension.

Eye Irrigation

• Remove particles or flush the eye from chemical exposure.
• Do NOT use with eye trauma like lacerations or penetration of the globe.

Ears

• Hypercusis is the intolerance of normal sound levels.
• Presbycusis is hearing loss associated with age.
• Tinnitus is a ringing in the ear.
• Cerumen is ear wax.

Hearing Loss

• Conductive hearing loss is due to an obstruction of sounds, such as a foreign body/wax, OM (otitis media), TM (tympanic membrane) changes, fused bony ossicles
• Sensorineural hearing loss is due to cochlear defect, 8th cranial nerve defect, or brain defect, or loud sounds that can damage cochlear hair
• Mixed conductive-sensorineural hearing loss is a mix of both.

Patient with Hearing Loss

• Ensure adequate lighting.
• Reduce distracting sounds.
• Determine the preferred communication method.
• Allow extra time for questions and to assess understanding.
• Use a sign language interpreter if the patient can sign.

Otitis Media

• Watch for sudden pain relief, could signify rupture.
• Check the TM if concerned about rupture prior to administering ear drops (some cannot be used if TM is not intact).

Ear Drops

• Ensure to warm the drops.
• Angle upwards for adults.
• Angle downwards for kids.
• Stay on the ear side for at least 2 minutes.

Vertigo

• Meniere's disease
• Nystagmus
• Anticholinergic drugs
• Including antihistamine, antiemetic, and antivertiginous
• Safety is a priority
• Use anticholinergic drugs to decrease the risk of falls and improve safety