Eye Anatomy Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the visual pathway?

  • Receives signals from the optic nerve and sends them to the visual cortex (correct)
  • Initiates the breakdown of rhodopsin in response to light
  • Regenerates retinal in dark conditions
  • Stimulates the production of neurotransmitters in bipolar cells

    • Which neurotransmitter is significantly reduced when channels are closed as a result of light hitting rhodopsin molecules?

  • Acetylcholine
  • Glutamate (correct)
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine

    • What is the primary cause of Nyctalopia (night blindness) mentioned in the text?

  • Deficiency in Vitamin C
  • Excess melanin production
  • Decrease in photopigments (correct)
  • Ganglion cells dysfunction

    • In developing countries, what is a common cause of child blindness as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Lack of Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the eye is affected by cataracts?

    <p>Lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes glaucoma, a condition characterized by increased pressure inside the eye?

    <p>Plugging of the Canal of Schlemm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells degenerate in macular degeneration, resulting in vision loss starting from the center?

    <p>'Macula' cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number one cause of blindness among adults as mentioned in the text?

    <p>'Retinal degeneration'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diabetic neuropathy lead to blindness in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes?

    <p>'Retinal degeneration'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is responsible for producing aqueous humor?

    <p>Ciliary process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are responsible for detecting light in the retina?

    <p>Photoreceptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the aqueous humor in the eye cannot drain properly?

    <p>Damage to the optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye helps prevent light scatter, thus reducing blurriness?

    <p>Choroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the retina are highly sensitive to light but decrease visual acuity?

    <p>Rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the iris in the eye?

    <p>Control pupil size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye changes the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects?

    <p>Ciliary muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of photoreceptor cells called cones in vision?

    <p>Increase visual acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ganglion cells in the visual pathway?

    <p>Receive action potentials from the optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to rhodopsin when it is hit with light?

    <p>Changes to all-trans retinal and opsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transducin in the process of vision?

    <p>Regenerates cis retinal to rhodopsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nyctalopia is characterized by:

    <p>Night blindness resulting from a lack of Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cataracts in the eye are caused by:

    <p>Breakdown and clumping of proteins in the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glaucoma results from:

    <p>Increased pressure due to a plugged Canal of Schlemm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macular degeneration primarily affects:

    <p><strong>Cells of the macula</strong>, leading to central vision loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetic neuropathy can cause blindness through:

    <p><strong>Retinal degeneration</strong> induced by high blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Child blindness in developing countries is often linked to:

    <p><strong>Vitamin A deficiency</strong>, leading to Nyctalopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pigment layer in the eye?

    <p>To help prevent light scatter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for producing different wave lengths in the eye?

    <p>Photoreceptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if the vitreous humor in the eye is not jelly-like?

    <p>Damage to the optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the retina contains rods and cones?

    <p>Neuro layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of photoreceptor pigments in the eye?

    <p>To absorb light and initiate vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the result if the ciliary muscle in the eye remains tight constantly?

    <p>No change in focusing ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is crucial for an automatic reflex that adjusts to light intensity?

    <p>Iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do bipolar cells play in vision?

    <p>Connecting rods and cones to ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?

    <p>Primarily regulating the anterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oxytocin function in the body?

    <p>Stimulating emotional bonding between partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of growth hormone on lipid metabolism?

    <p>Converts fats into fatty acids for energy use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the release of thyroid hormone affect the body's metabolic rate?

    <p>Elevates oxygen consumption and heat production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating mitosis and cell differentiation?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does somatostatin affect growth hormone secretion?

    <p>Inhibits growth hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

    <p>Regulating reproductive hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dopamine affect prolactin levels in the body?

    <p>Inhibits prolactin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system?

    <p>Aids in communication between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ADH affect the kidneys' functioning?

    <p>Promotes water reabsorption to prevent water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine gland is responsible for secreting calcitonin to decrease the amount of calcium in the bloodstream?

    <p>Parathyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released by the parathyroid gland to increase blood calcium levels?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ secretes corticosteroids, specifically mineral corticoids like aldosterone to regulate electrolyte balance?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In response to decreased blood pressure, which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex to help maintain blood volume and pressure?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas during and after meals to regulate blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is NOT released by the adrenal glands?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ produces five different hormones, including calcidol, angiotensinogen, and erythropoietin?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thymus gland in the human body?

    <p>Building the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of hormones released by the adrenal glands and which part of the adrenal glands release each type?

    <p>Mineralocorticoids- Cortex; Glucocorticoids- Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the kidneys to retain sodium and water to increase blood pressure and volume?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

    <p>Exocrine glands secrete out through the skin while endocrine glands secrete directly into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the effects of nervous and endocrine systems differ in terms of reaction speed?

    <p>Nervous system reactions are faster for short time, while endocrine system reactions last longer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if blood calcium levels are too high or too low?

    <p>It triggers the release of hormones to regulate calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ acts as a control center for regulating primitive functions like water balance, thermoregulation, and hunger?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can dopamine act within the body?

    <p>As either a neurotransmitter or a hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of signal triggers the release of hormones based on blood composition changes?

    <p>Humoral signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pituitary gland with relation to the hypothalamus?

    <p>The pituitary gland works in conjunction with the hypothalamus to regulate hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Nyctalopia' is characterized by what visual issue?

    <p>'Nyctalopia' causes night blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are responsible for detecting light and increasing visual acuity?

    <p>Cones cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Glucagon' and 'norepinephrine' have what kind of effect on the liver?

    <p>'Glucagon' and 'norepinephrine' have opposing effects on liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

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