64 Questions
What is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the visual pathway?
Receives signals from the optic nerve and sends them to the visual cortex
Which neurotransmitter is significantly reduced when channels are closed as a result of light hitting rhodopsin molecules?
Glutamate
What is the primary cause of Nyctalopia (night blindness) mentioned in the text?
Decrease in photopigments
In developing countries, what is a common cause of child blindness as mentioned in the text?
Lack of Vitamin A
What structure in the eye is affected by cataracts?
Lens
What causes glaucoma, a condition characterized by increased pressure inside the eye?
Plugging of the Canal of Schlemm
Which type of cells degenerate in macular degeneration, resulting in vision loss starting from the center?
'Macula' cells
What is the number one cause of blindness among adults as mentioned in the text?
'Retinal degeneration'
How does diabetic neuropathy lead to blindness in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes?
'Retinal degeneration'
Which part of the eye is responsible for producing aqueous humor?
Ciliary process
What type of cells are responsible for detecting light in the retina?
Photoreceptor cells
What happens if the aqueous humor in the eye cannot drain properly?
Damage to the optic nerve
Which part of the eye helps prevent light scatter, thus reducing blurriness?
Choroid
Which cells in the retina are highly sensitive to light but decrease visual acuity?
Rods
What is the function of the iris in the eye?
Control pupil size
Which part of the eye changes the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects?
Ciliary muscle
What is the role of photoreceptor cells called cones in vision?
Increase visual acuity
What is the role of ganglion cells in the visual pathway?
Receive action potentials from the optic nerve
What happens to rhodopsin when it is hit with light?
Changes to all-trans retinal and opsin
What is the function of transducin in the process of vision?
Regenerates cis retinal to rhodopsin
Nyctalopia is characterized by:
Night blindness resulting from a lack of Vitamin A
Cataracts in the eye are caused by:
Breakdown and clumping of proteins in the lens
Glaucoma results from:
Increased pressure due to a plugged Canal of Schlemm
Macular degeneration primarily affects:
Cells of the macula, leading to central vision loss
Diabetic neuropathy can cause blindness through:
Retinal degeneration induced by high blood sugar levels
Child blindness in developing countries is often linked to:
Vitamin A deficiency, leading to Nyctalopia
What is the function of the pigment layer in the eye?
To help prevent light scatter
Which cells are responsible for producing different wave lengths in the eye?
Photoreceptor cells
What can happen if the vitreous humor in the eye is not jelly-like?
Damage to the optic nerve
Which layer of the retina contains rods and cones?
Neuro layer
What is the role of photoreceptor pigments in the eye?
To absorb light and initiate vision
What would be the result if the ciliary muscle in the eye remains tight constantly?
No change in focusing ability
Which part of the eye is crucial for an automatic reflex that adjusts to light intensity?
Iris
What role do bipolar cells play in vision?
Connecting rods and cones to ganglion cells
What is the function of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?
Primarily regulating the anterior pituitary gland
How does oxytocin function in the body?
Stimulating emotional bonding between partners
What is the main effect of growth hormone on lipid metabolism?
Converts fats into fatty acids for energy use
How does the release of thyroid hormone affect the body's metabolic rate?
Elevates oxygen consumption and heat production
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating mitosis and cell differentiation?
Growth hormone
In what way does somatostatin affect growth hormone secretion?
Inhibits growth hormone secretion
What is the primary function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?
Regulating reproductive hormones
How does dopamine affect prolactin levels in the body?
Inhibits prolactin secretion
What is the significance of the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system?
Aids in communication between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
How does ADH affect the kidneys' functioning?
Promotes water reabsorption to prevent water loss
Which endocrine gland is responsible for secreting calcitonin to decrease the amount of calcium in the bloodstream?
Parathyroid
What hormone is released by the parathyroid gland to increase blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone
Which organ secretes corticosteroids, specifically mineral corticoids like aldosterone to regulate electrolyte balance?
Adrenal glands
In response to decreased blood pressure, which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex to help maintain blood volume and pressure?
Aldosterone
Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas during and after meals to regulate blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Which of the following hormones is NOT released by the adrenal glands?
Dopamine
Which organ produces five different hormones, including calcidol, angiotensinogen, and erythropoietin?
Liver
What is the primary function of the thymus gland in the human body?
Building the immune system
What are the two main types of hormones released by the adrenal glands and which part of the adrenal glands release each type?
Mineralocorticoids- Cortex; Glucocorticoids- Cortex
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the kidneys to retain sodium and water to increase blood pressure and volume?
Aldosterone
What is a key difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Exocrine glands secrete out through the skin while endocrine glands secrete directly into the bloodstream
How do the effects of nervous and endocrine systems differ in terms of reaction speed?
Nervous system reactions are faster for short time, while endocrine system reactions last longer
What happens if blood calcium levels are too high or too low?
It triggers the release of hormones to regulate calcium levels
Which organ acts as a control center for regulating primitive functions like water balance, thermoregulation, and hunger?
Hypothalamus
In what way can dopamine act within the body?
As either a neurotransmitter or a hormone
Which type of signal triggers the release of hormones based on blood composition changes?
Humoral signal
What is the primary function of the pituitary gland with relation to the hypothalamus?
The pituitary gland works in conjunction with the hypothalamus to regulate hormone release
'Nyctalopia' is characterized by what visual issue?
'Nyctalopia' causes night blindness
Which type of cells are responsible for detecting light and increasing visual acuity?
Cones cells
'Glucagon' and 'norepinephrine' have what kind of effect on the liver?
'Glucagon' and 'norepinephrine' have opposing effects on liver function
This quiz provides an overview of the anatomy of the eye, covering the tunics, including the fibrous sclera, cornea, vascular choroid, and iris. It also discusses functions such as light scatter prevention, pupil dilation and contraction, and the production of aqueous humor.
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