HIGHLIGHTED LECTURE

True (A)

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

<p>umami</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid Gland = T3 and T4 Adrenal Gland = Cortisol Pituitary Gland = ACTH Hypothalamus = TRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filters blood and removes old RBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate immunity = First line of defense, such as skin and membranes Adaptive immunity = Specific response involving T and B cells Autoimmune diseases = Immune system attacks its own tissues Allergies = Hypersensitivity to certain antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tricuspid valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stroke Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type A = Can receive A and O Type B = Can donate B and AB Type AB = Can donate only AB Type O = Universal donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filter waste products from the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases water reabsorption in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>trigone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration = Removes waste products from blood Reabsorption = Returns essential substances back to the blood Secretion = Adds substances to the filtrate for elimination Elimination = Excretes urine from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>reduce surface tension in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tidal volume = Normal breathing volume Vital capacity = Maximum exhale after maximum inhale</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II to stimulate aldosterone release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High carbon dioxide levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40-80</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FSH = Regulates gonadal functions Testosterone = Promotes male secondary characteristics Estrogen = Regulates female reproduction cycle Cortisol = Involved in long-term stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spiral organ of the inner ear, responsible for hearing. It contains hair cells that convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses that travel to the brain.

A condition where the inner ear malfunctions, causing dizziness (vertigo), ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and hearing loss.

A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that helps the body respond to stress by increasing blood sugar and blood pressure.

A condition caused by an underactive thyroid gland, leading to slow metabolism, fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

A condition caused by an overactive thyroid gland, leading to fast metabolism, weight loss, and rapid heartbeat.

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat.

The heart's natural pacemaker, located in the right atrium. It initiates the electrical signal that triggers each heartbeat.

The period of contraction in the heart cycle, when the heart pumps blood out to the body.

The period of relaxation in the heart cycle, when the heart chambers fill with blood.

This circulation pathway carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and then returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

This circulation pathway carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues and organs and then returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

A process that stops bleeding, involving three steps: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

Elevated white blood cell count, often a sign of infection, inflammation, or stress.

Aldosterone is a hormone that primarily regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body. It acts on the kidneys, increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. This helps maintain proper blood pressure and fluid balance.

Renin, an enzyme released by the kidneys, plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. When blood pressure drops, renin is released, initiating a chain reaction that ultimately leads to the production of angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure.

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) are crucial for regulating gonadal function. They control the development and maturation of reproductive cells (eggs in females and sperm in males).

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline, are released during short-term stress. They trigger the 'fight or flight' response, preparing the body for immediate action.

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are hormones released during long-term stress. They help the body adapt to prolonged challenges by regulating blood sugar levels and maintaining fluid balance.

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a complex hormonal cascade that plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. It involves renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone, working together to ensure proper blood pressure and fluid levels.

Acromegaly is a condition caused by the overproduction of growth hormone. It leads to abnormal growth in hands, feet, and facial features, often resulting in a distinctive appearance.

Cushing's syndrome is a disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. It can manifest in various symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and thinning of the skin.

Blood type with no A or B antigens, containing both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Can receive only type O blood, but can donate to all blood types.

The Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells. Rh-positive individuals have the Rh protein, while Rh-negative individuals do not.

A medication administered to pregnant women with Rh-negative blood to prevent the formation of antibodies that can harm future pregnancies.

A condition where maternal antibodies attack the baby's red blood cells, causing severe anemia and other complications.

The process of the lungs exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood. This occurs in the tiny air sacs called alveoli.

A fatty molecule that helps keep the alveoli open and prevents them from collapsing, ensuring efficient breathing.

A condition where the airways are inflamed and constricted, leading to difficulty breathing, wheezing, and coughing.

A condition in which air enters the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse.

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that help maintain fluid balance, filter waste, and protect the body from infection.

The lymphatic system collects excess fluid from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream. This helps prevent swelling and ensures proper fluid balance in the body.

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that filter lymph fluid. They contain immune cells that fight off infections and remove harmful substances.

Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against infection. It includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as natural killer cells and inflammation.

Adaptive immunity is the body's specific defense against infection. It involves specialized immune cells called T cells and B cells that target particular pathogens.

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and regulating blood volume and electrolytes.

The process where blood plasma, water, and small molecules are filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule in the nephron.

The process where water, glucose, and ions are reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule back into the bloodstream.

The process where waste products, such as potassium and hydrogen ions, are actively transported from the blood into the nephron for excretion in urine.

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to concentrated urine and reduced urine volume.

A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys, leading to increased blood pressure.

The triangular region at the base of the urinary bladder, marked by the openings of the ureters and the urethra.

A condition affecting the bladder and urethra, often caused by bacteria, leading to symptoms like pain, burning during urination, and frequent urination.