HIGHLIGHTED LECTURE
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cochlea in the inner ear?

  • Hearing (correct)
  • Balance and equilibrium
  • Regulating body temperature
  • Taste and smell

    • Meniere’s Syndrome is characterized by symptoms such as vertigo and hearing loss.

    True

    What hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland?

    thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

    The five basic tastes are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and _____.

    <p>umami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gland with its primary hormone:

    <p>Thyroid Gland = T3 and T4 Adrenal Gland = Cortisol Pituitary Gland = ACTH Hypothalamus = TRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions does the lymphatic system perform?

    <p>Returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypospadias is a condition where the urethral opening is located on the underside of the penis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Filters blood and removes old RBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antihistamines are used to treat __________.

    <p>allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune responses with their descriptions:

    <p>Innate immunity = First line of defense, such as skin and membranes Adaptive immunity = Specific response involving T and B cells Autoimmune diseases = Immune system attacks its own tissues Allergies = Hypersensitivity to certain antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve prevents backflow into the right atrium?

    <p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The SA node is responsible for regulating the heartbeat.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one contraction?

    <p>Stroke Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ circulation is responsible for oxygenating your blood.

    <p>pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood types with their compatibility:

    <p>Type A = Can receive A and O Type B = Can donate B and AB Type AB = Can donate only AB Type O = Universal donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components of blood is specifically responsible for clotting?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukocytosis refers to a decrease in white blood cell count.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the clotting process?

    <p>Coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys?

    <p>Filter waste products from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine production.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ADH in kidney function?

    <p>Increases water reabsorption in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

    <p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is a triangular region at the base of the urinary bladder defined by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra.

    <p>trigone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RH negative mothers can only receive RH positive blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kidney processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Filtration = Removes waste products from blood Reabsorption = Returns essential substances back to the blood Secretion = Adds substances to the filtrate for elimination Elimination = Excretes urine from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>reduce surface tension in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing water, glucose, and ions?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anemia is characterized by low levels of _______ or hemoglobin.

    <p>red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A urinary tract infection (UTI) affects only the kidneys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone?

    <p>Promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What creates the osmotic gradient in the kidney medulla that is crucial for concentrating urine?

    <p>Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory volumes with their definitions:

    <p>Tidal volume = Normal breathing volume Vital capacity = Maximum exhale after maximum inhale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epinephrine is associated with long-term stress responses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does renin play in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II to stimulate aldosterone release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main stimulus for breathing?

    <p>High carbon dioxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemophilia is a disorder characterized by excessive clotting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prolactin is responsible for ______ in mammary glands.

    <p>milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily involved in milk ejection during breastfeeding?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In newborns, the normal respiratory rate is _______ cycles per minute.

    <p>40-80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary functions:

    <p>FSH = Regulates gonadal functions Testosterone = Promotes male secondary characteristics Estrogen = Regulates female reproduction cycle Cortisol = Involved in long-term stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disorder is caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone?

    <p>Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mineralocorticoids have no role in fluid balance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensory System

    • Eye Anatomy and Physiology
      • Sensory receptors: 70% located in the eye, with over 1 million nerve fibers per eye.
      • External Structures:
        • Eyelids: protect the eye, associated with glands for lubrication.
        • Lacrimal Glands: produce tears containing lysozyme for cleansing and protection.
        • Conjunctiva: produces lubricating mucus that lines the eyelids and anterior eyeball.
        • Extrinsic Eye Muscles: 6 muscles controlling eye movement.
        • Lens: separates the anterior aqueous humor from the posterior vitreous humor.
      • Internal Structures:
        • Fibrous Layer: sclera (white of the eye) and cornea (transparent, refracts light).
        • Vascular Layer: choroid, ciliary body, and iris; regulates light entry.
        • Sensory Layer: retina with rods (dim light) and cones (color vision) receptors.
      • Physiology of Vision:
        • Refraction: cornea and humor maintain a constant power of focus.
        • Accommodation: ability to focus on near objects.
      • Visual Fields and Visual Pathways:
        • Optic Chiasma: medial fibers cross to the opposite side of the brain.
        • Pathway: optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, thalamus, optic radiation, and visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
      • Eye Disorders:
        • Myopia: nearsightedness (corrected with convex lenses).
        • Hyperopia: farsightedness.
        • Presbyopia: age-related loss of lens elasticity.
        • Glaucoma: increased intraocular pressure from blocked aqueous humor drainage.

    External Ear:

    • Divided into external, middle, and internal ear sections.
    • External Ear:
      • The auricle and external auditory meatus, directing sound towards the tympanic membrane.
    • Middle Ear: Contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) for sound amplification.

    Taste and Smell

    • Taste:
      • Detected by taste buds on papillae (fungiform, vallate).
      • Five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
    • Smell: Olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity detect dissolved chemicals.

    Endocrine System

    • Hormonal Regulation:
      • Hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary, then hormones travel through the hypophyseal portal system .
      • Pituitary gland hormones: TSH, ACTH, GH, etc.
    • Thyroid Gland:
      • Produces T3 and T4 for metabolism regulation.
      • Disorders include hypothyroidism (slow T3 and T4) and hyperthyroidism (fast T3 and T4).
    • Adrenal Gland: Produces cortisol (stress hormone) and aldosterone (regulates sodium and potassium); stress related effects and hormones.

    Reproductive Hormones

    • FSH and LH regulate gonadal function.
    • Testosterone promotes secondary male characteristics.

    Cardiovascular System

    • Heart Anatomy and Physiology:
      • Location: mediastinum
      • Heart Chambers: two atria (receiving), two ventricles (pumping/discharging).
      • Valves: prevents backflow (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic).
    • Stroke Volume: volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction.
    • Conduction System controls heart rate and rhythm via SA and AV nodes.

    Blood

    • RBCs: transport oxygen (120-day lifespan).
    • WBCs: fight infections; leukocytosis is an increase in WBC count.
    • Platelets: mediate clotting (hemostasis).
    • Blood Types and compatibility.

    Respiratory System

    • Key structures: upper tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx), lower tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli).
    • Gas Exchange: diffusion in alveoli, regulated by medulla oblongata.
    • Respiratory Volumes: tidal volume (normal), vital capacity (maximum).
    • Surfactant: reduces surface tension in alveoli, crucial for lung expansion; affects rates.

    Urinary System

    • Location: kidneys are retroperitoneal.
    • Function: filtering waste, regulating blood volume, pressure and electrolyte balance.
    • Functional Unit: nephron (filtration, reabsorption, secretion, elimination), processes include filtration, in proximal convoluted tubule, reabsorption and secretion
    • Urinary bladder holds urine.
    • Hormonal regulation of urine (ADH, aldosterone).

    Lymphatic and Immune System

    • Lymphatic System Functions to return interstitial fluid to bloodstream, filter lymph and host immune cells
    • Immune Response: innate and adaptive immunity are key
    • Key Organs: Thymus, Spleen.
    • Immune cell Types: (T cells and B cells - cell-mediated and antibody production).
    • Disorders: autoimmune diseases.

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