Questions and Answers
Which muscle is NOT part of the superficial layer of the extrinsic back muscles?
Which of the following muscles belongs to the intermediate layer of extrinsic back muscles?
Which of these muscles is classified as a minor deep back muscle?
Which muscle is part of the deep layer known as Transversospinales?
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Which of the following is NOT a muscle of the superficial layer in the deep back muscles?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT classified as a superficial extrinsic back muscle?
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What is the exception regarding the innervation of the trapezius muscle?
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Which muscle primarily connects the axial skeleton to the superior appendicular skeleton?
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Which of the following statements about the levator scapulae is true?
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What type of nerve fibers innervate the superficial extrinsic back muscles, except for the trapezius?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the scapula and is shaped like a trapezoid?
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Which muscle is widely recognized for its role in adducting and extending the arm?
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What is a common function of both the trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles?
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Which muscle is primarily associated with the thoracolumbar fascia?
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What is the primary role of the trapezius muscle regarding head and neck movement?
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What is the primary function of the levator scapulae muscle?
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Which muscle is located above the rhomboid minor?
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Which of the following muscles plays a role in retracting the scapula?
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Which muscle is typically targeted to increase scapular elevation strength?
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What is the common nerve supply for both levator scapulae and rhomboid minor muscles?
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What is the primary function of the rhomboid major muscle?
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Which muscle assists in elevating the scapula?
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Which of the following muscles is commonly recognized for its role in scapular movement?
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What is the origin point of the levator scapulae?
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How do the rhomboid muscles primarily contribute to shoulder stability?
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What is the primary function of the serratus posterior superior muscle?
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Which of the following accurately describes the serratus posterior inferior muscle?
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What is the role of intercostal nerves in relation to the extrinsic back muscles?
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Which spinal segments innervate the serratus posterior superior muscle?
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What characteristic is true about the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?
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What anatomical location is indicated for the Serratus Posterior Superior muscle?
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Which muscle is displayed at the bottom of the image?
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What type of visual representation is used for the Serratus Posterior muscles in the image?
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What copyright information is displayed at the bottom of the images?
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How are the muscles labeled in the image?
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What is the primary function of the intrinsic back muscles?
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What type of fascia encloses the intrinsic back muscles?
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Which of the following is NOT a group classification of intrinsic back muscles?
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How are the intrinsic back muscles innervated?
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Which statement best describes the innervation of intrinsic back muscles?
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What is the primary action of the splenius muscle when both sides contract?
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Which nerve supply innervates the splenius muscle?
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Where does the splenius capitis muscle insert?
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Which best describes the splenius muscle's shape and location?
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What does the term 'splenion' refer to in relation to the splenius muscle?
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What is the primary function of the erector spinae muscle group?
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Which nerve supply innervates the erector spinae muscles?
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What is the origin of the erector spinae muscle group?
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Which of the following muscles is part of the erector spinae group?
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What action does the longissimus muscle of the erector spinae facilitate when both sides contract?
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Which muscle is positioned most laterally within the erector spinae group?
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What is the primary function of the erector spinae muscle group?
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Which muscle in the erector spinae group is placed most medially?
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Which action is primarily facilitated by the longissimus muscle when both sides contract?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the erector spinae group?
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Which muscle group is known for containing short, obliquely orientated muscles?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the Transversospinales group?
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What is the main function of the interspinales muscles?
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Which of the following best describes the multifidus muscle?
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Which of these minor deep back muscles is primarily involved in the stabilization of the vertebral column?
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Which of the following muscles is categorized under the Transversospinales group?
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What is a primary role of the minor deep back muscles?
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Which pair of muscles are types of Levatores costarum?
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Which of the following muscles primarily assists in segmental stabilization of the spine?
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Which of the following statements about Intertransversarii muscles is true?
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Which muscle is positioned between the semispinalis and the skin in the schematic depiction?
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What is the primary function of the semispinalis muscle group?
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In which region of the back would you primarily find the multifidus muscle?
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Which muscle is part of the transversospinales group along with the semispinalis?
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Which statement is true regarding the appearance of the semispinalis and multifidus muscles in the image?
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What is the origin of the rotatores muscles?
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Which direction do the fibers of the rotatores muscles run?
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What is the primary function of the rotatores muscles?
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Where do the rotatores muscles insert on the vertebrae?
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How many segments superior does the longus variation of the rotatores insert?
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What is the primary origin point of the interspinales muscles?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the interspinales muscles?
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Where do the interspinales muscles insert?
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Which regions of the spine do the interspinales muscles primarily connect?
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What movements are facilitated by the interspinales muscles when both sides contract?
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What is the primary origin location of the intertransversarii muscles?
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Which of the following statements about the function of intertransversarii muscles is correct?
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What type of nerve fibers innervate the intertransversarii muscles?
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During unilateral contraction of the intertransversarii, what is their role?
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What is the insertion point for the intertransversarii muscles?
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Study Notes
Extrinsic Back Muscles
-
Superficial Layer: Involved in movement of the shoulder and upper limb.
- Trapezius: Large, kite-shaped muscle; stabilizes, raises, and retracts the scapula.
- Latissimus Dorsi: Broad muscle of the back; extends, adducts, and rotates the arm.
- Levator Scapulae: Elevates the scapula; aids in neck movement.
- Rhomboid Major: Retracts and elevates the scapula, improving posture.
- Rhomboid Minor: Similar to the major, assists in scapular retraction and elevation.
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Intermediate Layer: Associated with respiratory function.
- Serratus Posterior Superior: Elevates ribs; aids in inhalation.
- Serratus Posterior Inferior: Lowers ribs; assists in exhalation.
-
Suboccipital Triangle: A key anatomical region; involved in head and neck movement.
Deep Layer (Intrinsic Muscles)
-
Superficial Layer: Primarily involved in the movement and support of the neck.
- Splenius Capitis: Extends and rotates the head; located in the upper back.
- Splenius Cervicis: Similar function to the capitis; supports the cervical spine.
-
Intermediate Layer (Erector Spinae): Major back muscle group for posture and extension.
- Iliocostalis: Lateral group; maintains erect posture and aids in lateral flexion.
- Longissimus: Central group; extends spine and helps in head rotation.
- Spinalis: Medial group; primarily extends the vertebral column.
-
Deep Layer:
-
Transversospinales Muscles: Stabilize the spine and assist in rotation.
- Semispinales: Covers several vertebral segments; contributes to extension and rotation.
- Multifidus: Supports spinal stability; spans multiple vertebrae.
- Rotatores: Short muscles; important for rotational movements.
-
Minor Deep Back Muscles:
- Interspinales: Span between adjoining spinous processes; aid in extension.
- Intertransversarii: Connect transverse processes; assist in lateral flexion.
- Levatores Costarum: Elevate the ribs; facilitate breathing mechanics.
-
Transversospinales Muscles: Stabilize the spine and assist in rotation.
Superficial Extrinsic Back Muscles
- Comprise posterior axio-appendicular muscles.
- Function to connect the axial skeleton to the superior appendicular skeleton.
- Include major muscles such as:
- Trapezius: A large muscle that stabilizes and moves the scapula.
- Latissimus dorsi: Facilitates arm movement and is crucial for actions like swimming.
- Levator scapulae: Elevates the scapula and aids in neck movement.
- Rhomboid major: Retracts and stabilizes the scapula.
- Rhomboid minor: Works alongside Rhomboid major to retract the scapula.
Innervation
- Primarily innervated by anterior rami of cervical nerves.
- Trapezius is an exception, receiving motor fibers from the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI).
- Key for muscle function and coordination in upper back movements.
Extrinsic Back Muscles
-
Comprised of two main layers: superficial and intermediate.
-
Superficial Layer: Functions as posterior axio-appendicular muscles, connecting the axial skeleton to the superior appendicular skeleton.
- Trapezius: Large muscle that stabilizes and moves the scapula; innervated by spinal accessory nerve (CN XI).
- Latissimus Dorsi: Powerful muscle involved in arm movements, innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve.
- Levator Scapulae: Elevates the scapula; innervated by cervical nerves and the dorsal scapular nerve.
- Rhomboid Major and Minor: Assist in retracting and stabilizing the scapula; innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve.
-
Intermediate Layer:
- Serratus Posterior Superior: Elevates ribs during inhalation.
- Serratus Posterior Inferior: Depresses ribs during exhalation.
Deep Layer (Intrinsic Muscles)
-
Composed of three sub-layers: superficial, intermediate, and deep.
-
Superficial Intrinsic Muscles:
- Splenius Capitis: Rotates and extends the head; innervated by cervical spinal nerves.
- Splenius Cervicis: Extends and rotates the neck; also innervated by cervical spinal nerves.
-
Intermediate Layer (Erector Spinae):
- Iliocostalis: Lateral muscle that extends and laterally flexes the vertebral column.
- Longissimus: Central muscle that extends and rotates the head, supports vertebral column.
- Spinalis: Medial muscle primarily extending the vertebral column.
-
Deep Layer:
-
Transversospinales: Comprise several smaller muscles that stabilize and rotate the vertebral column.
- Semispinalis: Extends and rotates the thoracic and cervical spine.
- Multifidus: Provides stability and support to the vertebral column.
- Rotatores: Assist with rotation and stability of the spine.
-
Minor Deep Back Muscles:
- Interspinales: Connect adjacent spinous processes; assist in extension.
- Intertransversarii: Connect adjacent transverse processes; assist in lateral flexion.
- Levatores Costarum: Elevate the ribs; assist in respiration and lateral flexion.
-
Transversospinales: Comprise several smaller muscles that stabilize and rotate the vertebral column.
Extrinsic Back Muscles
- Divided into superficial and intermediate layers, contributing to shoulder movement and stability.
Superficial Layer
- Comprises Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major, and Rhomboid Minor.
- Functions as posterior axio-appendicular muscles, connecting the axial skeleton with the superior appendicular skeleton.
Intermediate Layer
- Includes Serratus Posterior Superior and Serratus Posterior Inferior.
- Primarily involved in respiratory mechanics and movement of the rib cage.
Deep Layer (Intrinsic Muscles)
- Provides support and movement for the vertebral column.
Superficial Intrinsic Muscles
- Comprised of Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis.
- Responsible for extending and rotating the head and neck.
Intermediate Intrinsic Muscles (Erector Spinae)
- Consists of Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis.
- Key players in extending the spine and maintaining posture.
Deep Intrinsic Muscles
- Transversospinales group includes Semispinales, Multifidus, and Rotatores.
- Assist in stabilizing the spine and controlling rotation and extension.
- Minor Deep Back Muscles include Interspinales, Intertransversarii, and Levatores Costarum.
- These muscles are crucial for fine movements of the vertebral column.
Innervation
- Extrinsic back muscles are typically innervated by anterior rami of cervical nerves.
- Exception is the trapezius, which receives motor fibers from the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI).
Extrinsic Back Muscles Overview
- Intermediate extrinsic back muscles include serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior.
- These muscles are classified as superficial respiratory muscles, aiding in the mechanics of breathing.
Serratus Posterior Superior
- Primarily functions to elevate the ribs during inhalation.
- Innervated by intercostal nerves T1-T4, facilitating the muscle's role in respiration.
Serratus Posterior Inferior
- Mainly responsible for depressing the ribs, assisting in exhalation.
- Innervated by intercostal nerves T8-T12, allowing contraction during forced expiration.
Proprioceptive Function
- Although designated as respiratory muscles, they are more likely involved in proprioception, contributing to body awareness and position.
Extrinsic Back Muscles Overview
- Extrinsic back muscles connect the axial skeleton to the superior appendicular skeleton.
- Classified into superficial and intermediate layers.
Superficial Layer
- Muscles: Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major, Rhomboid Minor.
-
Innervation:
- Most receive innervation from the anterior rami of cervical nerves.
- Exception: Trapezius is innervated by spinal accessory nerve (CN XI).
Trapezius
- Major muscle with a role in upper limb and shoulder movement.
Latissimus Dorsi
- Forms the posterior part of the lateral wall of the abdomen.
Levator Scapulae
- Elevates the scapula; important for shoulder movement.
Rhomboid Muscles
- Rhomboid Major: Retracts the scapula.
- Rhomboid Minor: Assists in retracting the scapula.
Intermediate Layer
- Muscles: Serratus Posterior Superior, Serratus Posterior Inferior.
- Function:
- Superior elevates ribs to aid in respiration; Innervated by intercostal nerves (T1-4).
- Inferior depresses ribs; Innervated by intercostal nerves (T8-12).
- Both muscles are involved in proprioception.
Deep Layer (Intrinsic Muscles)
- Known as intrinsic back muscles involved in the movement and stability of the spine.
Superficial Intrinsic Muscles
- Muscles: Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervicis.
Intermediate Intrinsic Muscles (Erector Spinae)
- Muscles: Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis.
- Important for maintaining posture and extending the spine.
Deep Intrinsic Muscles
-
Transversospinales Group:
- Semispinales: Span multiple vertebrae.
- Multifidus: Provides stability to the spine.
- Rotatores: Assist with rotational movements.
-
Minor Deep Back Muscles:
- Interspinales: Connect adjacent spinous processes.
- Intertransversarii: Connect transverse processes.
- Levatores Costarum: Elevate the ribs during breathing.
Serratus Posterior Superior
- Positioned in the upper part of the back image.
- Plays a role in respiratory mechanics by facilitating inspiration.
- Innervated by the upper thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T4).
Serratus Posterior Inferior
- Located in the lower section of the back image.
- Functions primarily to depress the lower ribs during exhalation.
- Innervated by the lower thoracic spinal nerves (T9-T12).
Visual Representation
- Both muscles are depicted in grayscale to emphasize their anatomy and spatial relationships.
- The distinct headings identify each muscle clearly for educational purposes.
Copyright Information
- Copyright noted as "Copyright ©2005 Nielsen & Miller" at the image's bottom, indicating ownership of the image content.
Intrinsic Back Muscles
- Muscles extend between the pelvis and cranium, supporting postural alignment and movement.
- Enclosed by deep fascia, specifically the thoracolumbar fascia, which provides stability and support to the lumbar region.
- Group classification:
- Superficial layer includes muscles involved in gross movements.
- Intermediate layer involves muscles enhancing stability and movement.
- Deep layer consists of muscles primarily responsible for posture and fine movements of the vertebral column.
- Innervation comes from the posterior rami of spinal nerves, allowing for motor control and sensory feedback from the back muscles.
Superficial Layer Muscles
- Splenius: A muscle key to neck movement and stability.
- Origin: Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of vertebrae C7 to T6, providing a strong base.
-
Insertion:
- Cervicis: Tubercles of transverse processes C1-3/4, aiding in neck stabilization.
- Capitis: Lateral half of the superior nuchal line and the mastoid process, crucial for head movement.
-
Action:
- Unilateral contraction allows lateral flexion of the neck and rotation of the head.
- Bilateral contraction leads to extension of the neck and head, vital for upward gaze.
- Nerve Supply: Innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves, ensuring motor control.
-
Characteristics:
- Thick and flat muscle structure.
- Situated on the lateral and posterior aspects of the neck.
- Named "splenion" (meaning bandage), reflecting its function of covering the deeper vertical muscles like a protective layer.
Deep Back Muscles
- Erector spinae is a major muscle group in the deep back, primarily responsible for the extension and lateral flexion of the spine.
- Originates from the posterior part of the iliac crest, the posterior surface of the sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, and the sacral and inferior lumbar vertebrae.
- Inserts along the entire length of the vertebral column, including the ribs and the base of the skull.
Innervation
- The nerve supply to the erector spinae comes from the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
- Innervation allows for the control of movements such as upright posture and spinal stability.
Function
- The primary action includes extending the vertebral column, maintaining posture, and providing stability during movement.
Deep Layer of Back Muscles
- Comprised of short, obliquely oriented muscles that play a critical role in spinal stability and posture.
Transversospinales Group
- This group consists of three main muscle types:
-
Semispinales
- Divided into three specific muscles:
- Semispinalis capitis: Located in the upper back, involved in head extension and rotation.
- Semispinalis cervicis: Targets the cervical spine, aiding in neck movements.
- Semispinalis thoracis: Found in the thoracic region, helps with extension and rotation of the thoracic vertebrae.
- Divided into three specific muscles:
- Multifidus: A series of small muscles that span between vertebrae; crucial for spinal stability and movement control.
- Rotatores: Located between adjacent vertebrae, these muscles assist in rotation and stabilization.
-
Semispinales
Minor Deep Back Muscles
- Interspinales: Muscles that connect adjacent spinous processes; assist with extension of the vertebral column.
- Intertransversarii: Muscles that connect adjacent transverse processes; aid in lateral flexion of the spine.
- Levatores costarum: Small muscles that elevate the ribs, contributing to respiration and stabilizing the thoracic spine.
Extrinsic Back Muscles
- Composed of two main layers: superficial and intermediate.
Superficial Layer
- Includes trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor.
- Functions as posterior axio-appendicular muscles connecting axial skeleton to superior appendicular skeleton.
- Innervation primarily from anterior rami of cervical nerves; trapezius is innervated by spinal accessory nerve (CN XI).
Intermediate Layer
- Composed of serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior.
- Act as superficial respiratory muscles:
- Superior elevates ribs.
- Inferior depresses ribs.
- More likely function as proprioceptive muscles than respiratory.
- Innervated by intercostal nerves:
- Serratus posterior superior: T1-4
- Serratus posterior inferior: T8-12
Intrinsic Back Muscles
- Extend from pelvis to cranium, enclosed by deep fascia (thoracolumbar fascia).
- Grouped into superficial, intermediate, and deep layers.
- Innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves.
Superficial Layer
- Includes splenius capitis and splenius cervicis.
- Originate from nuchal ligament and spinous processes (C7-T6).
- Actions:
- Unilateral: lateral flexion and rotation of the neck.
- Bilateral: extension of neck/head.
- Thick and flat muscles that cover deeper vertical muscles.
Intermediate Layer (Erector Spinae)
- Composed of iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis.
- Arises from a common tendon originating from the iliac crest, sacrum, and posterior surface of sacrum.
Deep Layer
- Contains transversospinales muscles:
- Semispinales (capitis, cervicis, thoracis).
- Multifidus.
- Rotatores.
- Minor deep muscles include interspinales, intertransversarii, and levatores costarum.
Deep Layer Muscles of the Back
- Comprises short, obliquely oriented muscles that provide stability and movement to the vertebral column.
- Includes the following primary muscle groups:
Transversospinales Group
- Plays a crucial role in spinal stabilization and rotation.
- Composed of several specific muscles:
Semispinales
- A long muscle group extending from the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae to the occipital bone.
- Divided into three parts:
- Semispinalis capitis: Located at the back of the head, aids in head extension and rotation.
- Semispinalis cervicis: Connects cervical vertebrae, contributes to neck movements.
- Semispinalis thoracis: Extends along the thoracic region, enhancing upper body posture and movement.
Multifidus
- Found throughout the length of the spine, important for lumbar stability.
- Supports the vertebral column during dynamic movements, preventing instability.
Rotatores
- Stout muscles that lie between adjacent vertebrae.
- Assist in rotating the spine and maintaining posture.
Minor Deep Back Muscles
- Support the integrity and movements of the spine on a more local scale:
- Interspinales: Small muscles located between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae, aid in extension of the spine.
- Intertransversarii: Connect transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae, facilitate lateral bending.
-
Levatores costarum: Elevate the ribs and assist in thoracic breathing.
- Levatores costarum longis: Longer muscles acting upon more distal ribs.
- Levatores costarum brevis: Shorter muscles affecting proximal ribs.
Muscles of the Back
- Semispinalis: A deep muscle of the back, part of the transversospinalis group, involved in stabilizing and extending the spine.
- Multifidus: Another deep muscle located in the lumbar and sacral regions, crucial for spinal stability and extension.
- Both muscles are positioned deep within the back, providing support to the vertebral column.
- Highlighted in diagrams to enhance visibility and understanding of their anatomical location.
- Visual aid shows their precise location relative to other back muscles.
- The diagram emphasizes the importance of these muscles in maintaining posture and spine health.
Rotatores Muscles
- Originate from the transverse processes of the vertebrae.
- Fibers are arranged in a superomedial direction, contributing to their functional orientation.
- Insert into the junction of the lamina and transverse process of the vertebrae.
- Specifically insert into the spinous process of the vertebra, with two variations:
- Brevis: connects to the spinous process of the immediately superior vertebra.
- Longus: connects to the spinous process of a vertebra located two segments superior.
- Function to stabilize the vertebrae, providing structural support to the spinal column.
- Assist in the extension and rotation of the vertebral column, facilitating movement.
- May serve as organs of proprioception, particularly in the longus fibers, contributing to body awareness and position sense.
Interspinales Overview
- Muscles located between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae in the cervical (C) and lumbar (L) regions.
Origin
- Arise from the superior surface of the spinous processes of vertebrae.
Insertion
- Insert into the inferior surface of the spinous processes of the vertebrae above them.
Function
- Facilitate extension of the vertebral column, contributing to backward bending.
- Assist in the rotation of the spine, enhancing overall stability and movement.
Intertransversarii Overview
- Originates from the transverse processes of cervical (C) and lumbar (L) vertebrae.
- Inserts into the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae, facilitating intervertebral stability.
Innervation
- Supplied by anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves, ensuring proper motor function and sensory feedback.
Function
- Assists in lateral flexion of the vertebral column when acting unilaterally, enhancing flexibility and range of motion.
- Stabilizes the vertebral column bilaterally, providing structural support during movement and maintaining posture.
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Test your knowledge on the muscles of the back with this quiz. Covering both the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles, this quiz will help you understand their layers and key functions. Perfect for students and enthusiasts of anatomy.
