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Questions and Answers

What is the main assumption made when extrapolating results from model systems to actual systems?

  • The actual system is larger than the model system.
  • The model system behaves similarly to the actual system. (correct)
  • The model system behaves differently than the actual system.
  • Extrapolation is unnecessary when using observational studies.

Which type of study typically involves less extrapolation?

  • Modeling studies
  • Manipulative studies
  • Observational studies (correct)
  • Theoretical studies

Which of the following is a common form of extrapolation in biomedical studies?

  • In vivo to in vitro extrapolation
  • Statistical extrapolation
  • Interspecies extrapolation (correct)
  • Temporal extrapolation

What is the role of statistical hypothesis testing in studies?

<p>To determine if observed patterns are real or due to chance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of extrapolation involves predictions from measured indicators?

<p>System property extrapolation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason manipulative studies have greater inferential strength than observational studies?

<p>They better control for confounding variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a confounding variable?

<p>A third variable that correlates with the independent variable and may affect the observed relationship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a manipulative experiment where potassium concentration is the independent variable, which variable would be classified as confounding?

<p>The concentration of phosphorous in the solution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a control in an experimental procedure?

<p>To minimize the effects of confounding variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example of studying the effects of an oncolytic virus on tumour growth in mice, what is a potential control?

<p>Including a set of mice that do not receive the virus injection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between hypothesis-testing science and descriptive science?

<p>Hypothesis-testing science tests causal explanations for patterns, while descriptive science characterizes those patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is rejecting hypotheses considered vital in the scientific method?

<p>It allows for the identification of wrong assumptions in scientific reasoning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes confounding variables?

<p>Uncontrolled variables that can distort the results of an experiment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does descriptive science play in the context of the scientific method?

<p>It provides patterns and observations that can lead to new hypotheses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of inferential strength in scientific studies?

<p>It assesses the confidence in predicting outcomes from sampled data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of hypothesis-testing science?

<p>To test causal explanations for observed patterns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the relationship between descriptive and hypothesis-testing science?

<p>Hypothesis-testing science cannot function without prior descriptive observations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the scientific method's approach to hypotheses?

<p>Hypotheses are rejected or modified based on experimental data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial in ensuring scientific studies result in valid knowledge acquisition?

<p>Control of confounding variables within an experiment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does inferential strength relate to observational versus manipulative studies?

<p>It typically decreases as one moves from manipulative to observational studies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant concept did James Hutton contribute to geology in the 18th century?

<p>The formation of geological features over immensely long periods of time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which idea did Charles Lyell advocate that contrasted with earlier geological theories?

<p>Uniformitarianism, based on observable processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Georges Cuvier's work in the early 1800s challenge previous ideas about Earth's species?

<p>By proving that extinction has occurred in the fossil record. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures was notable for discovering significant fossils that contributed to paleontology?

<p>Mary Anning, who uncovered fossils like the plesiosaurus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major shifts in thinking about the Earth that gained traction during the time of Archbishop Ussher?

<p>A transition toward understanding the Earth's immense age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Extrapolation

Drawing inferences from a model system to a real-world system, assuming similarity.

Inferential Strength

The likelihood of confidently concluding something about a real-world system based on a model.

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

Determining whether a pattern in study data is due to chance or a real biological phenomenon.

Model System

A simplified or smaller-scale representation of a real-world system, often studied for easier analysis.

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Interspecies Extrapolation

Applying findings from one species to another, particularly in biomedical contexts like using animal models in human research.

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Extrapolation in Science

Using findings from a simplified model system to draw conclusions about a real-world system.

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Inferential Strength of Studies

The confidence in the conclusions drawn from a study, based on how well the model system represents the real-world system.

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Types of Extrapolation

Extrapolating findings across species, scales, or from experimental measurements to real-world effects.

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In Vitro vs. In Vivo

Extrapolation from lab studies using cells or tissues (in vitro) to living organisms (in vivo).

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The Role of Statistical Hypothesis Testing

Analyzing data to determine if observed patterns are due to random chance or a real biological phenomenon.

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Manipulative Study

A study where the researcher actively changes the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

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Confounding Variable

A hidden variable that might be causing the observed relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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Control Group

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or change in the independent variable, used for comparison.

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Why Manipulative > Observational

Manipulative studies have greater inferential strength because they minimize confounding variables by actively controlling the independent variable.

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Science

An approach to knowledge acquisition that focuses on evidence-based understanding through observation and experimentation.

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Scientific Method

A systematic process used in science to acquire knowledge through observation, questioning, experimentation, and analysis of data.

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Descriptive Science

A type of science that focuses on describing patterns in the natural world, aiming to characterize and document existing phenomena.

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Hypothesis-testing Science

A type of science that focuses on testing explanations for observed patterns, using experiments and data analysis to prove or disprove hypotheses.

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Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for an observed phenomenon, a testable statement that can be supported or refuted by evidence.

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What is the scientific method?

A systematic approach to knowledge acquisition that emphasizes evidence-based understanding through observation and experimentation.

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Why is the scientific method important?

It ensures that our understanding of the world is based on evidence, not assumptions or personal beliefs. It helps us distinguish facts from opinions and build reliable knowledge.

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Ussher's Calculation

Archbishop James Ussher calculated the age of the Earth based on biblical genealogies, placing creation at 3998 BCE.

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Uniformitarianism

The idea that geological processes happening today are the same as those in the past, operating gradually over long periods.

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Catastrophism

The idea that Earth's history was shaped by sudden, catastrophic events.

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Fossil Evidence

Preserved remains of ancient organisms that provide evidence of past life forms and environments.

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Mary Anning's Discoveries

She was a renowned British paleontologist who discovered important fossils, including those of plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs.

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BIO1130 Slide Deck - The Scientific Method PDF

Description

This quiz evaluates your understanding of extrapolation, particularly in the context of model systems versus real systems. It covers the implications of inferential strength, types of studies, and the purpose of statistical hypothesis testing in biomedical research. Test your knowledge on how these concepts interrelate.

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