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What is the main assumption made when extrapolating results from model systems to actual systems?

  • The actual system is larger than the model system.
  • The model system behaves similarly to the actual system. (correct)
  • The model system behaves differently than the actual system.
  • Extrapolation is unnecessary when using observational studies.

    • Which type of study typically involves less extrapolation?

  • Modeling studies
  • Manipulative studies
  • Observational studies (correct)
  • Theoretical studies

    • Which of the following is a common form of extrapolation in biomedical studies?

  • In vivo to in vitro extrapolation
  • Statistical extrapolation
  • Interspecies extrapolation (correct)
  • Temporal extrapolation

    • What is the role of statistical hypothesis testing in studies?

    <p>To determine if observed patterns are real or due to chance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of extrapolation involves predictions from measured indicators?

    <p>System property extrapolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason manipulative studies have greater inferential strength than observational studies?

    <p>They better control for confounding variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a confounding variable?

    <p>A third variable that correlates with the independent variable and may affect the observed relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a manipulative experiment where potassium concentration is the independent variable, which variable would be classified as confounding?

    <p>The concentration of phosphorous in the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a control in an experimental procedure?

    <p>To minimize the effects of confounding variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example of studying the effects of an oncolytic virus on tumour growth in mice, what is a potential control?

    <p>Including a set of mice that do not receive the virus injection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between hypothesis-testing science and descriptive science?

    <p>Hypothesis-testing science tests causal explanations for patterns, while descriptive science characterizes those patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is rejecting hypotheses considered vital in the scientific method?

    <p>It allows for the identification of wrong assumptions in scientific reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes confounding variables?

    <p>Uncontrolled variables that can distort the results of an experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does descriptive science play in the context of the scientific method?

    <p>It provides patterns and observations that can lead to new hypotheses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of inferential strength in scientific studies?

    <p>It assesses the confidence in predicting outcomes from sampled data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of hypothesis-testing science?

    <p>To test causal explanations for observed patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the relationship between descriptive and hypothesis-testing science?

    <p>Hypothesis-testing science cannot function without prior descriptive observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the scientific method's approach to hypotheses?

    <p>Hypotheses are rejected or modified based on experimental data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial in ensuring scientific studies result in valid knowledge acquisition?

    <p>Control of confounding variables within an experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does inferential strength relate to observational versus manipulative studies?

    <p>It typically decreases as one moves from manipulative to observational studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant concept did James Hutton contribute to geology in the 18th century?

    <p>The formation of geological features over immensely long periods of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which idea did Charles Lyell advocate that contrasted with earlier geological theories?

    <p>Uniformitarianism, based on observable processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Georges Cuvier's work in the early 1800s challenge previous ideas about Earth's species?

    <p>By proving that extinction has occurred in the fossil record.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following figures was notable for discovering significant fossils that contributed to paleontology?

    <p>Mary Anning, who uncovered fossils like the plesiosaurus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the major shifts in thinking about the Earth that gained traction during the time of Archbishop Ussher?

    <p>A transition toward understanding the Earth's immense age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    BIO1130 Slide Deck - The Scientific Method PDF

    Description

    This quiz evaluates your understanding of extrapolation, particularly in the context of model systems versus real systems. It covers the implications of inferential strength, types of studies, and the purpose of statistical hypothesis testing in biomedical research. Test your knowledge on how these concepts interrelate.

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