Conf 1. Roles of EVs in Cancer
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Questions and Answers

What are extracellular vesicles (EVs)?

  • Mutated proteins secreted by cancer cells.
  • Specialized immune cells that regulate cancer growth.
  • Enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix proteins.
  • Phospholipid-delimited particles released by cells into the extracellular environment. (correct)
  • Which of the following is NOT a main function of EVs?

  • Disposing of harmful cellular components.
  • Modifying the extracellular matrix.
  • Triggering apoptosis in recipient cells. (correct)
  • Transferring content between cells.
  • What types of molecules can be found in EVs?

  • Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and sugars. (correct)
  • Only proteins and DNA.
  • Only phospholipids.
  • Cytokines and growth factors exclusively.
  • What is a challenge in isolating extracellular vesicles?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which isolation technique is commonly used for EVs?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EVs are heterogeneous in terms of their:

    <p>Size, origin, content, and functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of EVs?

    <p>30 nm to ≥5 µm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which EV subtype is enriched with CD63?

    <p>Exosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the content of EVs?

    <p>The cellular origin of the vesicle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can EVs interact with their target cells?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major role of tumor-derived EVs in cancer progression?

    <p>Transferring RNA, cytokines, and growth factors to recipient cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do EVs contribute to metastatic disease?

    <p>By carrying components that promote invasion and metastasis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of EVs makes them useful as biomarkers for cancer?

    <p>Their nucleic acid and protein content derived from cancer cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of tumor-derived EVs on the tumor microenvironment (TME)?

    <p>Remodelling the TME to promote cancer growth and survival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do EVs promote cancer cell survival?

    <p>By delivering survival signals to recipient cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the finding of Thery's lab on EVs from triple-negative breast cancer cells?

    <p>They promote pro-inflammatory macrophages associated with better clinical outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were CD63+ and CD9+ EVs tagged in Thery's study on EV secretion?

    <p>With nanoluciferase enzymes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was discovered about drugs affecting EV release in Thery's lab?

    <p>104 compounds were identified that modify EV release. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation in studying EV subtypes?

    <p>Difficulty in distinguishing between subtypes due to lack of specific markers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do MDA-MB-231-derived EVs affect monocyte-derived macrophages?

    <p>Induce M1 macrophage polarization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential clinical application of EVs?

    <p>Biomarker discovery for cancer diagnosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are transferred by EVs to modulate the immune response??

    <p>Cytokines, PD-L1, and RNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are EVs significant in cancer therapy research??

    <p>They allow targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do EVs affect tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)?

    <p>Polarize them into M2 macrophages, promoting tumor growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does PD-L1 in EVs play in cancer??

    <p>Contributes to immunosuppression by exhausting T cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)

    • EVs are phospholipid-delimited particles released by cells into the extracellular environment.
    • EVs transfer content between cells.
    • A key function of EVs is transferring cellular components, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and sugars.
    • EV heterogeneity includes size, origin, content, and functions.
    • A common size range for EVs is 30 nm to ≥5 µm.
    • A subtype of EV enriched with CD63 is exosomes.
    • EV subtypes include ectosomes, exosomes, apoptotic bodies, and microvesicles.
    • A challenge in isolating EVs is overlapping biophysical properties between different subtypes.
    • Density gradients, precipitation, and differential ultracentrifugation are common methods used for EV isolation.
    • Various molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids, are found in EVs.
    • EVs can interact with target cells in several ways. Direct transfer or cargo transfer and receptor-mediated signalling are involved.
    • A role of tumor-derived EVs in cancer progression is transferring RNA, cytokines, and growth factors to recipient cells.
    • EVs can contribute to metastatic disease by carrying components promoting the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells.
    • Another function of EVs is altering the tumor microenvironment, a factor that promotes cancer growth and survival.
    • EVs can be biomarkers for cancer because of their nucleic acid and protein contents which are derived from cancer cells.
    • Tumor-derived EVs effect the tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote cancer growth and survival.
    • They also are used in cancer therapy research to target tumor cell antigens, and suppress immune responses.

    EV content and function in Cancer

    • Cellular origin, external conditions, and interactions with recipient cells determine EV content.
    • Tumor-derived EVs play a major role in cancer progression.
    • EVs carry RNA, cytokines and growth factors, influencing recipient cells.
    • EVs are associated with metastatic disease development. They promote invasion and metastasis.
    • EVs have various effects on tumor microenvironment to either hinder or promote cancer progression and survival.
    • The role of EVs in mediating an immune response within the TME can be used.

    EV isolation and subtypes

    • Factors that influence the content of an EV include the cell of origin, environmental conditions, and interactions with recipient cells.
    • EV subtypes, which have specific functions in cancer include ectosomes, exosomes, apoptotic bodies, and microvesicles.
    • Common isolation techniques such as density gradients, precipitation techniques, and differential ultracentrifugation, are used to isolate EVs.
    • Difficulties associated with studying EV subtypes may include distinct subtypes that overlap in various physical characteristics, limited availability of particular cell lines, and the difficulty in using various imaging techniques.

    EVs and Cancer Therapy

    • EVs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis.
    • Potential clinical applications of EVs as a way to directly target tumors.
    • EVs modulate immune responses by transporting cytokines and PD-L1.
    • EVs are significant in cancer therapy research due to their roles in delivering therapeutic agents.

    EVs and Immune Cells

    • EVs affect tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs).
    • EVs that polarize TAMs into M2 macrophages promote tumor growth.
    • A role of PD-L1 in EVs is that it plays a key aspect in immunosuppression by exhausting T cells which contributes to tumor growth, immune response, and angiogenesis.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of extracellular vesicles (EVs), their types, functions, and methods of isolation. Participants will learn about the importance of EVs in cellular communication and their role in various biological processes, including cancer progression.

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