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Questions and Answers
Which structure of a virus is responsible for protecting its genetic material and aiding in the attachment to host cells?
Which structure of a virus is responsible for protecting its genetic material and aiding in the attachment to host cells?
What is the primary shape characteristic of a helical virus?
What is the primary shape characteristic of a helical virus?
How do enveloped viruses obtain their external membrane?
How do enveloped viruses obtain their external membrane?
Which type of virus contains no envelope and is often more stable in environmental factors?
Which type of virus contains no envelope and is often more stable in environmental factors?
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What is the role of the spike proteins found on spherical viruses like coronaviruses?
What is the role of the spike proteins found on spherical viruses like coronaviruses?
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What happens to glucose transporters when insulin levels drop?
What happens to glucose transporters when insulin levels drop?
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How does the facilitated diffusion of glucose differ from simple diffusion?
How does the facilitated diffusion of glucose differ from simple diffusion?
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What is the role of the antiporter adenine nucleotide translocase in mitochondria?
What is the role of the antiporter adenine nucleotide translocase in mitochondria?
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What defines active transport as opposed to passive transport mechanisms?
What defines active transport as opposed to passive transport mechanisms?
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What limits the maximum rate of facilitated diffusion?
What limits the maximum rate of facilitated diffusion?
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What structural configuration gives collagen its extra strength?
What structural configuration gives collagen its extra strength?
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How do fibronectins function in relation to collagen fibers?
How do fibronectins function in relation to collagen fibers?
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What role does the cytoskeleton play in a cell?
What role does the cytoskeleton play in a cell?
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What is a consequence of a mutation that affects collagen's triple helix structure?
What is a consequence of a mutation that affects collagen's triple helix structure?
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Which of the following best describes the cytoskeleton?
Which of the following best describes the cytoskeleton?
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In which cellular process is the cytoskeleton particularly important?
In which cellular process is the cytoskeleton particularly important?
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How does the cytoskeleton respond to mechanical stimulation from extracellular molecules?
How does the cytoskeleton respond to mechanical stimulation from extracellular molecules?
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What is the primary function of collagen in connective tissue?
What is the primary function of collagen in connective tissue?
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Which of the following accurately describes the genome of COVID-19?
Which of the following accurately describes the genome of COVID-19?
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What is the primary function of the enzyme reverse transcriptase in HIV?
What is the primary function of the enzyme reverse transcriptase in HIV?
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Which of the following statements about the lytic cycle is true?
Which of the following statements about the lytic cycle is true?
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What type of virus is HIV classified as?
What type of virus is HIV classified as?
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How does receptor-mediated fusion facilitate viral entry into host cells?
How does receptor-mediated fusion facilitate viral entry into host cells?
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What is the capsid structure of HIV described as?
What is the capsid structure of HIV described as?
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What is a key characteristic of zoonotic diseases?
What is a key characteristic of zoonotic diseases?
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Which cellular component is primarily targeted by viruses during infection?
Which cellular component is primarily targeted by viruses during infection?
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What process allows glucose to move from the intestinal lumen to epithelial cells against its concentration gradient?
What process allows glucose to move from the intestinal lumen to epithelial cells against its concentration gradient?
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How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephrons of the kidneys?
How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephrons of the kidneys?
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Which statement is TRUE about facilitated diffusion?
Which statement is TRUE about facilitated diffusion?
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What is the main function of vesicles in cellular transport?
What is the main function of vesicles in cellular transport?
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What type of endocytosis engulfs solid particles?
What type of endocytosis engulfs solid particles?
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What facilitates the movement of Na+ ions in the context of glucose transport?
What facilitates the movement of Na+ ions in the context of glucose transport?
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Which mechanism is NOT a form of endocytosis?
Which mechanism is NOT a form of endocytosis?
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What is the role of ATP in vesicular transport?
What is the role of ATP in vesicular transport?
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What does cytosis refer to in cellular biology?
What does cytosis refer to in cellular biology?
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What condition is required for the simultaneous transport of Na+ and glucose?
What condition is required for the simultaneous transport of Na+ and glucose?
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What is the significance of the diaminopurine modification in some bacteriophage DNA?
What is the significance of the diaminopurine modification in some bacteriophage DNA?
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Why do RNA viruses, such as HIV and influenza, evolve at a faster rate than DNA viruses?
Why do RNA viruses, such as HIV and influenza, evolve at a faster rate than DNA viruses?
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What causes antigenic shift in the influenza virus?
What causes antigenic shift in the influenza virus?
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How do new variants of SARS-CoV-2 arise?
How do new variants of SARS-CoV-2 arise?
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What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV?
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What characteristic of the influenza virus contributes to its high mutation rate?
What characteristic of the influenza virus contributes to its high mutation rate?
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Which surface proteins are involved in the influenza virus infection process?
Which surface proteins are involved in the influenza virus infection process?
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What primarily makes the HIV virus highly variable?
What primarily makes the HIV virus highly variable?
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What is the consequence of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
What is the consequence of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
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How do retroviruses like HIV evade the host immune system?
How do retroviruses like HIV evade the host immune system?
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Why do segmented genomes give rise to new strains of the influenza virus?
Why do segmented genomes give rise to new strains of the influenza virus?
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What is a primary factor that contributes to the difficulty of treating RNA viruses?
What is a primary factor that contributes to the difficulty of treating RNA viruses?
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What role do spike proteins play in SARS-CoV-2?
What role do spike proteins play in SARS-CoV-2?
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Study Notes
Extracellular Components
- Found outside the cell membrane
- Provide shape, protection, and support to cells
- Vary across different cell types
- Bacteria: peptidoglycan
- Archaea: pseudopeptidoglycan
- Plant cells: cellulose
- Fungi: chitin
- Yeast: glucan and mannan
- More rigid than the extracellular matrix of animal cells
- Plant cell walls are multilayered:
- Primary cell wall: thin, flexible, allows growth.
- Secondary cell wall: added later, strengthens the cell (durable).
- Middle lamella: pectin layer between primary cell walls, "gluing" cells together.
- Plasmodesmata: holes in cell walls, connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
- Facilitate the transfer of molecules between cells
- Facilitated transfer of molecules through channels
Cell Wall
- Plant cells: cellulose, a strong polymer of glucose.
- Cellulose microfibrils = provide tensile strength
- Primary cell wall is thin and flexible, allowing cell growth
- Cross-linking with pectin hardens cell walls
- Middle lamella holds cells together
- Secondary cell wall contains lignin, contributing to durability
Facilitated Transfer of Molecules
- Cellulose made of β-glucose molecules, connected by glycosidic bonds
- Strong hydrogen bonds hold the chains together
- Provides high tensile strength to plant cells
- Microfibrils provide resistance to osmotic pressure and turgor pressure (the internal pressure)
- Important for maintaining cell shape and structural support.
Extracellular Matrix (Animal Cells)
- Composed of water, proteoglycans, large fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen), and integrins
- Provides structural support and guides the development of tissues
- Supports cell communication and interactions
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Description
This quiz covers the key features of extracellular components, focusing on the various cell wall types across different organisms. Understand the structural differences between plant, bacterial, and fungal cell walls, as well as the roles of primary, secondary, and middle lamella layers in plant cells.
