External Respiration in Cells
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Questions and Answers

What is the calculated minute alveolar ventilation (VA) if tidal volume (TV) is 500 ml, breath rate is 20 breaths/min, and dead space volume (VD) is 150 ml?

  • 22000 ml
  • 12000 ml (correct)
  • 10000 ml
  • 7000 ml
  • What is the primary mechanism for the transport of carbon dioxide through the membranes of alveoli and capillaries?

  • Simple diffusion (correct)
  • Active transport
  • Convection
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in alveolar air?

  • 60 - 70 mm Hg
  • 155 - 159 mm Hg
  • 105 - 110 mm Hg
  • 95 - 110 mm Hg (correct)
  • What occurs when the partial pressure of a gas over a liquid exceeds its tension in the liquid?

    <p>The gas will dissolve in the liquid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the value of anatomical dead space?

    <p>Volume that doesn’t participate in gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the absorption of oxygen by an organism?

    <p>To improve ATP efficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle primarily consumes O2 in cells?

    <p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the sequence of respiratory phases?

    <p>Ventilation, gas exchange in lungs, gas transport, biological oxidation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical gas composition of inhaled air?

    <p>20.9% O2, 0.03% CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of the lungs contains alveoli relevant for gas exchange?

    <p>Respiratory zone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mainly contributes to the negative pressure in the pleural gap?

    <p>Elastic recoil force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During quiet breathing, the change in thoracic cavity volume is primarily due to the contraction of which muscle?

    <p>Diaphragm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical gas composition of alveolar air?

    <p>16.5% O2, 4.5% CO2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What act of breathing involves external intercostal muscles?

    <p>Quiet inspiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are respiratory muscles primarily classified as?

    <p>Skeletal muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inspiration, the pressure in the lungs is:

    <p>Less than atmospheric pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the expiration phase of breathing?

    <p>Elastic recoil force, heaviness of the chest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the transpulmonary pressure is equal to zero, what will happen to the lungs?

    <p>The lungs will be deflated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anatomical dead space in the respiratory system includes which of the following structures?

    <p>Nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of surfactant in the respiratory system?

    <p>To prevent alveoli deflation during expiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is functional residual capacity calculated?

    <p>Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The volume of air that a person can inhale and exhale comfortably while at rest is called:

    <p>Tidal volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does minute ventilation (MV) refer to?

    <p>The amount of air ventilated per minute (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average value of tidal volume in healthy adults is approximately:

    <p>500 ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vital capacity defined as?

    <p>The volume of air that can be maximally expired after a maximal inspiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Residual volume indicates which of the following?

    <p>Air volume remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Main purpose of O2 absorption

    To improve the efficiency of ATP resynthesis in cells.

    Primary O2 consumers in cells

    Mitochondria are the main organelles that consume oxygen for cellular respiration.

    ATP energy use

    ATP's energy is used for various cellular processes, including synthesis, active transport, and mechanical work.

    Respiratory phases sequence

    Ventilation, gas exchange in lungs, gas transport by blood, gas exchange in tissues, and biological oxidation.

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    Inhaled air O2/CO2

    Inhaled air contains approximately 20.9% oxygen and 0.03% carbon dioxide.

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    Alveolar air O2/CO2

    Alveolar air has approximately 20.0% oxygen and 0.03% carbon dioxide.

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    Gas exchange location in lungs

    Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory zone of the lungs, specifically within alveoli.

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    Lung diffusion capacity

    Measures how easily gases can pass between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.

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    Residual Volume (RV)

    The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation. It cannot be exhaled, ensuring that the lungs always have some air and do not collapse.

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    Anatomic Dead Space

    The volume of air in the conducting airways (nose, trachea, bronchi) that does not participate in gas exchange. It is a 'dead' space because the air in it does not reach alveoli.

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    Tidal Volume (TV)

    The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. It is the amount of air that moves in and out with each regular breath.

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    Minute Alveolar Ventilation (VA)

    The volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli per minute. It is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume by the breathing rate and subtracting the dead space volume.

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    How does CO2 move through membranes?

    The primary mechanism of carbon dioxide (CO2) transport across alveolar and capillary membranes is simple diffusion. CO2 moves from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure.

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    External Intercostal Muscles

    These muscles help with the process of inhaling air into the lungs. They contract to expand your rib cage, creating a lower pressure in the lungs that allows air to flow in.

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    Quiet Expiration

    This is the normal, passive process of breathing out air. It's mainly driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall.

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    Respiratory Muscles

    These are the muscles that help you breathe. They are skeletal muscles, meaning you have conscious control over them, but they also work automatically.

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    Inspiration

    The process of breathing in air. During this phase, the pressure inside the lungs is less than the pressure outside.

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    Factors in Expiration

    The act of breathing out air is driven by several factors: 1. Elastic recoil of the lungs, 2. Contraction of expiratory muscles, 3. Pressure differences between the lungs and the atmosphere.

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    Transpulmonary Pressure

    This is the difference in pressure between the inside of the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) and the space around the lungs (intrapleural pressure).

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    Zero Transpulmonary Pressure

    If the transpulmonary pressure drops to zero, the lungs will collapse. This is because the pressure inside the lung would equal the pressure outside, and the lung would have no force to keep it inflated.

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    Negative Pleural Pressure

    The pressure in the space between the lungs and the chest wall is typically negative, which helps to keep the lungs inflated. This is due to the elastic recoil of the lungs and the natural suction created by the chest cavity.

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    Airway Functions

    The airways play many roles: 1. Protection from irritants through coughing and sneezing, 2. Warming the air, 3. Adding moisture, 4. Filtering out particles, 5. Gas exchange.

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    Surfactant Function

    Surfactant is a fluid found in the alveoli that reduces surface tension, preventing the alveoli from collapsing during expiration. It also helps with the ease of breathing.

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    Alveolar Air Renewal

    During a normal breath, only a small portion of the air in the alveoli is replaced with fresh air. This helps to maintain a stable gas composition in the lungs.

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    Gas Exchange in Alveoli

    The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air in the lungs happens constantly, throughout both inhalation and exhalation.

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    Effective Ventilation Measures

    The best way to assess how well your lungs are working is to measure the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood (PaO2 and PaCO2).

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    Study Notes

    External Respiration: Gas Exchange in the Lungs

    • Purpose of Oxygen Absorption: The primary function of acquiring oxygen is to improve the efficiency of ATP resynthesis, the process of creating energy for cellular functions.
    • Cellular Oxygen Consumers: Mitochondria are the primary organelles in cells that consume oxygen.
    • ATP Energy Use: The energy stored in ATP is pivotal for various cellular activities including complex substance synthesis, active transport, and mechanical work.
    • Respiratory Phases: The correct sequence of respiratory processes is ventilation, gas exchange in lungs, gas transport by blood, biological oxidation, and gas exchange in tissues.
    • Inhaled Air Composition: Normal inhaled air contains approximately 20.9% oxygen and 0.03% carbon dioxide.
    • Alveolar Air Composition: Alveolar air contains roughly 16% oxygen and 4.5% carbon dioxide.
    • Exhaled Air Composition: Exhaled air has approximately 16% oxygen and 4-5% carbon dioxide.
    • Gas Exchange Area: The respiratory zone of the lungs, containing alveoli, is the site of gas exchange with the blood.
    • Lung Diffusion Capacity: The rate of gas exchange depends on the permeability of the alveolar and capillary membranes.
    • Lung Stretch: Lungs are maintained in a stretched state during inspiration and quiet breathing.
    • Pleural Pressure: The negative pressure within the pleural cavity (space between the lung and chest wall) is essential for maintaining lung expansion. Elastic recoil force is a major contributor to this.
    • Inspiration Mechanism: Inspiration is primarily achieved by diaphragm contraction. Other muscles like external intercostal muscles play a critical role in forced inspiration.
    • Expiration Mechanism: Expiration is a combination of elastic recoil and, in forced expiration, the contraction of expiratory muscles.
    • Intra-Pulmonary Pressure vs. Atmospheric Pressure: During inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. The reverse occurs during expiration.
    • Transpulmonary Pressure: The difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure is called transpulmonary pressure. This pressure difference is critical for lung inflation.
    • Zero Transpulmonary Pressure: If the transpulmonary pressure is zero, the lungs will deflate.
    • Pleural Cavity Pressure: The reason for the negative intrapleural pressure is the elastic recoil of the lungs and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid.
    • Anatomic Dead Space: The conducting zone of the respiratory system, including the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, forms the anatomical dead space, which doesn't participate in gas exchange.
    • Airway Functions: Respiratory airways warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air, and act as conduits for airflow.
    • Surfactant Function: Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing alveolar collapse during exhalation and facilitating lung expansion.
    • Alveolar Air Renewal: Approximately one-seventh of the alveolar air is exchanged with each breath during quiet breathing.
    • Continuous Gas Exchange: Gas exchange between air and blood happens constantly during both inhalation and exhalation.
    • Effective Ventilation: The most reliable measure of effective ventilation is the assessment of PaO2 and PaCO2, arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures.
    • Tidal Volume (TV): The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a quiet breath.
    • Minute Ventilation (MV): The total volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute (TV x breaths per minute).
    • Alveolar Ventilation (VA): The volume of air that reaches the alveoli per minute ((TV - VD) * breaths/min).
    • Gas Transport: Carbon dioxide is primarily transported through simple diffusion across alveolar and capillary membranes.
    • Alveolar Gas Partial Pressures: The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in alveolar air is typically 105-110 mmHg, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is about 38-40 mmHg .
    • Gas Dissolution: A higher partial pressure of a gas above a liquid than in the liquid will drive the gas into the liquid.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate process of external respiration and gas exchange in the lungs. This quiz covers the purpose of oxygen absorption, the role of mitochondria, and the compositions of inhaled and exhaled air. Test your knowledge on the respiratory phases and ATP energy use.

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