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Questions and Answers
The right border of the heart is formed by the right atrium.
True
The apex of the heart is formed by both atria.
False
The pericardial cavity lies between the serous and fibrous pericardium.
False
The atrioventricular groove contains the great cardiac vein.
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What is the surface anatomy of the mitral valve?
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What surrounds the heart and separates it from the surrounding structures?
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How many chambers does the heart have?
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What are the surfaces of the heart?
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What are the functions of the pericardium?
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The apex of the heart is formed by both atria.
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The right border of the heart is formed by the right atrium.
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The atrioventricular groove contains the great cardiac vein.
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The pericardial cavity lies between the serous and fibrous pericardium.
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What is the surface anatomy of the mitral valve?
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What is the role of the pericardium?
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How many chambers does the heart have?
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Describe the base of the heart.
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Study Notes
Heart Overview
- Hollow muscular pump located in the middle mediastinum.
- Opposite 2nd to 6th costal cartilages and T5 to T8 vertebrae.
- Divided into 1/3 right and 2/3 left of the median plane.
External Features
- Comprises 4 chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle.
- Each atria is separated by interatrial septum; ventricles by interventricular septum.
- Pyramidal shape with the apex formed entirely by the left ventricle, directed downwards and to the left.
- Base mainly formed by the right atrium, directed backwards and to the right.
Surfaces and Borders
- Three surfaces:
- Sternocostal (anterior): touches sternum, costal cartilage, anterior edges of lungs and pleura.
- Diaphragmatic (inferior): rests on diaphragm, formed by ventricles.
- Posterior (base): mainly consists of atria.
- Four borders:
- Right border: formed by right atrium.
- Left border: comprised of left ventricle and left auricle.
- Lower border: formed by ventricles.
- Upper border: formed by both atria.
Sternocostal Surface Details
- Atrial part consists of right atrium and left auricle.
- Ventricular part: 2/3 from the right ventricle, 1/3 from the left ventricle.
- Features two grooves:
- Anterior interventricular groove: located between ventricles, carries anterior interventricular artery and great cardiac vein.
- Atrio-ventricular (coronary) groove: between atria and ventricles for passage of coronary arteries.
Diaphragmatic Surface
- Rests on diaphragm, primarily formed by left ventricle (2/3) and right ventricle (1/3).
- Exhibits posterior interventricular groove for posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein.
Pericardium
- Protective covering of the heart consisting of:
- Outer fibrous pericardium: maintains structure.
- Inner serous pericardium: includes parietal layer (lines fibrous pericardium) and visceral layer (covers heart).
- Serous layers are continuous around great vessels; separated by pericardial cavity containing fluid.
- Functions:
- Provides protection.
- Prevents overfilling of the heart.
- Reduces friction with surrounding structures.
Surface Anatomy of the Heart
- Key anatomical landmarks:
- Left 2nd costal cartilage: 1.5 inches from the midline.
- Right 3rd costal cartilage: 1 inch from the midline.
- Right 6th costal cartilage: 0.5 inches from the midline.
- Left 5th intercostal space: 3.5 inches from the midline.
Surface Anatomy of Heart Valves
- Pulmonary valve: left sternal margin opposite the 3rd costal cartilage.
- Aortic valve: left sternal margin opposite the 3rd intercostal space.
- Mitral valve: left sternal margin opposite the 4th costal cartilage.
- Tricuspid valve: located in the 4th intercostal space in the midline.
True or False Quiz
- Apex of the heart is formed by both atria (False).
- Right border of the heart is formed by right atrium (True).
- Atrioventricular groove contains great cardiac vein (False).
- Pericardial cavity lies between serous and fibrous pericardium (False).
Quiz Question
- Surface anatomy of the mitral valve is located at: 4th costal cartilage at left sternal margin.
Heart Overview
- Hollow muscular pump located in the middle mediastinum.
- Opposite 2nd to 6th costal cartilages and T5 to T8 vertebrae.
- Divided into 1/3 right and 2/3 left of the median plane.
External Features
- Comprises 4 chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle.
- Each atria is separated by interatrial septum; ventricles by interventricular septum.
- Pyramidal shape with the apex formed entirely by the left ventricle, directed downwards and to the left.
- Base mainly formed by the right atrium, directed backwards and to the right.
Surfaces and Borders
- Three surfaces:
- Sternocostal (anterior): touches sternum, costal cartilage, anterior edges of lungs and pleura.
- Diaphragmatic (inferior): rests on diaphragm, formed by ventricles.
- Posterior (base): mainly consists of atria.
- Four borders:
- Right border: formed by right atrium.
- Left border: comprised of left ventricle and left auricle.
- Lower border: formed by ventricles.
- Upper border: formed by both atria.
Sternocostal Surface Details
- Atrial part consists of right atrium and left auricle.
- Ventricular part: 2/3 from the right ventricle, 1/3 from the left ventricle.
- Features two grooves:
- Anterior interventricular groove: located between ventricles, carries anterior interventricular artery and great cardiac vein.
- Atrio-ventricular (coronary) groove: between atria and ventricles for passage of coronary arteries.
Diaphragmatic Surface
- Rests on diaphragm, primarily formed by left ventricle (2/3) and right ventricle (1/3).
- Exhibits posterior interventricular groove for posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein.
Pericardium
- Protective covering of the heart consisting of:
- Outer fibrous pericardium: maintains structure.
- Inner serous pericardium: includes parietal layer (lines fibrous pericardium) and visceral layer (covers heart).
- Serous layers are continuous around great vessels; separated by pericardial cavity containing fluid.
- Functions:
- Provides protection.
- Prevents overfilling of the heart.
- Reduces friction with surrounding structures.
Surface Anatomy of the Heart
- Key anatomical landmarks:
- Left 2nd costal cartilage: 1.5 inches from the midline.
- Right 3rd costal cartilage: 1 inch from the midline.
- Right 6th costal cartilage: 0.5 inches from the midline.
- Left 5th intercostal space: 3.5 inches from the midline.
Surface Anatomy of Heart Valves
- Pulmonary valve: left sternal margin opposite the 3rd costal cartilage.
- Aortic valve: left sternal margin opposite the 3rd intercostal space.
- Mitral valve: left sternal margin opposite the 4th costal cartilage.
- Tricuspid valve: located in the 4th intercostal space in the midline.
True or False Quiz
- Apex of the heart is formed by both atria (False).
- Right border of the heart is formed by right atrium (True).
- Atrioventricular groove contains great cardiac vein (False).
- Pericardial cavity lies between serous and fibrous pericardium (False).
Quiz Question
- Surface anatomy of the mitral valve is located at: 4th costal cartilage at left sternal margin.
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Description
This quiz explores the external features of the heart, focusing on its anatomy and location within the mediastinum. Test your knowledge about the heart's chambers and their separation by septa. Perfect for students in anatomy and medicine courses.
