Exploring Utopian Society

Which movement focused on the reform of Christianity during the second half of the fifteenth century in northern Europe?

What was the main goal of the northern humanists?

What did the northern humanists discover in the early Christian writings?

Who edited the Greek text of the New Testament and published it along with a new Latin translation in 1516?

What was the name of the standard Latin edition of the Bible that Erasmus believed contained errors?

What was the most outstanding achievement of Erasmus in his day?

Who wrote the literary masterpiece 'Utopia' in 1516?

Who wrote the literary masterpiece 'Utopia'?

What was the basis of the Utopian society in 'Utopia'?

How many hours a day did all residents of Utopia work?

What was the main reason for More's opposition to England's break with the Roman Catholic Church?

During the fifteenth century, people sought certainty of salvation through veneration of relics. How many relics did Frederick the Wise amass, which were attached to indulgences that could reduce one's time in purgatory by nearly 2 million years?

Which movement downplayed religious dogma and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus?

What was the name of the author who wrote 'The Imitation of Christ'?

Which group of religious orders put particular emphasis on preaching to laypeople and called for reform within the Catholic Church?

Erasmus disagreed with those who were unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vulgar tongue, be read by the ______

According to Erasmus, the strength of the Christian religion did NOT consist in men's ______ of it.

Erasmus believed that the Gospels and the Pauline Epistles should be translated into all languages so that they could be read and understood by ______ and Saracens.

The Christian humanists believed that to change society, they must first change the ______ who compose it.

During the fifteenth century, people sought certainty of salvation through veneration of ______.

The Oratory of Divine Love, first organized in Italy in 1497, was not a religious order but an informal group of clergy and ______ who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity.

The 'philosophy of Christ,' advocated by the Christian humanist Erasmus, was especially appealing to many of ______.

The agitation for certainty of salvation and spiritual peace occurred within the framework of the 'holy mother ______.'

During the second half of the fifteenth century, the new Classical learning that was part of Italian Renaissance humanism spread to northern Europe and spawned a movement called Christian or northern Renaissance humanism whose major goal was the reform of ______

In returning to the writings of antiquity, northern humanists (also called Christian humanists because of their profound preoccupation with religion) focused on the sources of early Christianity, the Holy Scriptures and the writings of such church fathers as Augustine, Ambrose, and ______

The most important characteristic of northern humanism was its reform ______

More presented a new social system in which cooperation and reason replaced power and fame as the proper motivating agents for human society. Utopian society, therefore, was based on ______ ownership rather than private property.

All residents of Utopia worked nine hours a day, regardless of occupation, and were rewarded according to their ______.

More’s most famous work, and one of the most controversial of his age, was Utopia, written in 1516. This literary masterpiece is an account of the idealistic life and institutions of the community of Utopia (Greek for ‘‘nowhere’’), an imaginary island in the vicinity of the recently discovered New World. It reflects More’s own concerns with the economic, social, and political problems of his day. He presented a new social system in which cooperation and reason replaced power and fame as the proper motivating agents for human society. Utopian society, therefore, was based on ______ ownership rather than private property. All residents of Utopia worked nine hours a day, regardless of occupation, and were rewarded according to their ______. Possessing abundant leisure time and relieved of competition and greed, Utopians were free to lead wholesome and enriching lives.

More’s religious devotion and belief in the universal Catholic Church ultimately proved even more important than his service to the king, however. While in office, More’s intolerance of heresy led him to advocate persecution of those who would fundamentally change the Catholic Church. Moreover, always the man of conscience, More willingly gave up his life opposing England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church over the divorce of King Henry VIII.Corruption in the Catholic Church was another factor that spurred people to want reform. No doubt the failure of the Renaissance popes to provide spiritual leadership had affected the spiritual life of all Christendom. The papal court’s preoccupation with finances had an especially strong impact on the clergy. So did the economic changes of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Increasingly, nobles or wealthy members of the bourgeoisie held the highest positions among the clergy. Moreover, to increase their revenues, high ______ officials (bishops, archbishops, and cardinals) took over more than one[______ office]. This so-called pluralism led in turn to absenteeism: ______ officeholders ignored their duties and hired underlings who sometimes lacked the proper qualifications. Complaints about the ignorance and ineptness of parish priests became widespread in the fifteenth century.______ office. This so-called pluralism led in turn to absenteeism: ______ officeholders ignored their duties and hired underlings who sometimes lacked the proper qualifications. Complaints about the ignorance and ineptness of parish priests became widespread in the fifteenth century.