Exploring the Forebrain: Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the nervous system?

  • Transmitting information
  • Filtering the blood (correct)
  • Producing a response
  • Sensing the world

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.

True (A)

What is the primary function of the spinal cord?

conducts signals to and from the brain and controls reflex activities

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the ______ nervous system.

<p>peripheral</p>
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Match the following brain structures with their functions:

<p>Cerebrum = Controls bodily functions and interactions with the outside world Cerebellum = Coordinates musculoskeletal movement to maintain posture, balance, and muscle tone Brainstem = Made up of the midbrain; Pons and the medulla oblongata Diencephalon = The deep portion of the brain containing the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and ventral thalamus</p>
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Which part of the brain contains over 100 billion neurons?

<p>Entire Brain (D)</p>
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The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Name the four lobes that the left and right lobes of the brain are divided into.

<p>Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital</p>
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The ______ is a deep portion of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and ventral thalamus.

<p>diencephalon</p>
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Match the brainstem components with their functions:

<p>Midbrain = Involved with visual reflexes Pons = Controls certain respiratory functions Medulla Oblongata = Regulates heart and lung functioning, swallowing, coughing, vomiting and sneezing</p>
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Which part of the brain coordinates musculoskeletal movement, posture, balance, and muscle tone?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p>
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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system dominates during times of rest and rumination.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>controls involuntary responses</p>
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The ______ nervous system controls voluntary movements by activating skeletal muscles.

<p>somatic</p>
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Match the following divisions of the motor nervous system with their primary functions:

<p>Somatic Nervous System = Controls skeletal muscles (voluntary) Autonomic Nervous System = Regulates smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary) Sympathetic Division = Prepares the body for stressful or energetic activity ('fight or flight') Parasympathetic Division = Dominates during times of rest and rumination; directs maintenance activities ('rest and digest')</p>
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Which of the following is the MOST anterior (front) part of the brain, responsible for higher-order cognitive and motor functions?

<p>Forebrain (A)</p>
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The midbrain filters sensory input and allows us to concentrate.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Name the three main parts the brain is divided into.

<p>Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain</p>
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The forebrain consists of the telencephalon and the ______.

<p>diencephalon</p>
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Match the key components of the forebrain with their functions:

<p>Cerebral cortex = Processes sensory information and controls movement Basal ganglia = Involved in movement control and habit formation Limbic system = Involved in emotion, motivation, and memory Thalamus = Relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex Hypothalamus = Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other basic bodily functions</p>
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Which of the following brain areas is often referred to as the 'relay station' for sensory information?

<p>Thalamus (A)</p>
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The hippocampus is primarily involved in controlling the endocrine system.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What are the primary functions of the limbic system?

<p>emotions and memories</p>
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The ______ plays a key role in sensations of pleasure or fear and the recognition of fear in others.

<p>amygdala</p>
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Match each neuron component with its function.

<p>Dendrites = Receive signals from other neurons Cell body = Integrates signals and coordinates metabolic activities Axon = Transmits action potential Synaptic terminals = Transmit signals to other neurons</p>
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Which part of the neuron transmits action potentials?

<p>Axon (C)</p>
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The myelin sheath slows down the transmission speed of signals along the axon.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier?

<p>Gaps between Schwann cells</p>
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A ______ is a gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

<p>synapse</p>
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Match the functional types of neurons

<p>Sensory neurons = Carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS Motor neurons = Carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands Interneurons = Connect sensory and motor neurons</p>
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Which type of neuron carries signals from the CNS to muscles and glands?

<p>Motor neuron (C)</p>
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Multipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the function of cranial nerves?

<p>transmit electrical impulses between the brain and the head, neck, and torso and help with a variety of functions, including seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and feeling.</p>
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[Blank] nerves are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brain.

<p>cranial</p>
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Match the cranial nerves with their functions:

<p>Olfactory = Smell Optic = Vision Oculomotor = Eye movement and blinking Auditory/Vestibular = Hearing and balance Vagus = Heart rate &amp; digestion</p>
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Flashcards

Nervous System

A physically connected network of cells, tissues, and organs that allows us to communicate and react to the environment and perform life activities; master controller and communicator of the body.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Receives and processes information; initiates action. Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Transmits signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Brain

Receives and processes sensory information; initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts and emotions.

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Spinal Cord

Conducts signals to and from the brain; controls reflex activities.

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Motor Neurons

Carry signals from the CNS that control the activities of muscles and glands.

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Sensory Neurons

Carry signals to the CNS from sensory organs.

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Somatic Nervous System

Controls voluntary movements by activating skeletal muscles.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Controls involuntary responses by influencing organs, glands, and smooth muscle.

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Sympathetic Division

Prepares the body for stressful or energetic activity; "fight or flight".

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Parasympathetic Division

Dominates during times of "rest and rumination"; directs maintenance activities.

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Forebrain

The most anterior (front) part of the brain, responsible for various higher-order cognitive and motor functions.

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Telencephalon

The most anterior part of the forebrain, which includes the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system.

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Diencephalon

The posterior part of the forebrain, which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the brain responsible for processing sensory information and controlling movement.

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Basal Ganglia

A group of structures involved in movement control and habit formation.

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Limbic System

A network of structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory.

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Thalamus

A structure that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

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Hypothalamus

A structure involved in regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other basic bodily functions.

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Midbrain

Located between the hindbrain and forebrain; all sensory and motor information that travels between the forebrain and the spinal cord passes through the midbrain.

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Medulla

Controls autonomic functions.

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Pons

Controls sleep stages.

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Cerebellum

Coordinates movement, stores some motor memory; helps maintain posture, muscle control, and balance.

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Neurons

Functional unit of the nervous system; transmits messages.

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Cell Body

Contains nucleus; metabolic center.

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Dendrite

Fiber that conveys messages toward cell body.

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Axon

Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body.

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Axon Terminals

End of axon; contain neurotransmitters and release them.

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Synaptic cleft/Synapse

Gap between neurons.

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Myelin

Whitish, fatty material that covers nerve fibers to speed up nerve impulses.

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Schwann Cells

Surrounds axons and form myelin sheath.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps between Schwann cells.

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Sensory Neurons

Carry impulses from sensory receptors to CNS.

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Motor Neurons

Carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands.

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Interneurons

Connect sensory and motor neurons.

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Study Notes

Forebrain

  • The forebrain is the anterior or front part of the brain.
  • It is responsible for higher-order cognitive and motor functions.
  • The forebrain consists of the telencephalon and the diencephalon.
  • The telencephalon is the most anterior part of the forebrain, and includes the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system.
  • The diencephalon is the posterior part of the forebrain, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
  • The forebrain is responsible for cognitive functions like thought, perception, attention, memory, and decision-making.
  • The forebrain also controls voluntary movement, including walking, talking, and writing.
  • Emotional processing, including emotions such as fear, anger, and happiness, is controlled by the forebrain.
  • Sensory processing, which is the interpretation of sensory information from the environment, is also controlled by the forebrain.
  • Key components of the forebrain include the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system.
  • The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain responsible for processing sensory information and controlling movement.
  • The basal ganglia are a group of structures involved in movement control and habit formation.
  • The limbic system is a network of structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory.
  • The thalamus relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
  • The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other basic bodily functions.

Action Potential

  • An action potential is a rapid rise and subsequent fall in voltage or membrane potential across a cellular membrane with a characteristic pattern.
  • Sufficient current is required to initiate a voltage response in a cell membrane.
  • If the current is insufficient to depolarize the membrane to the threshold level, an action potential will not fire.

Cranial Nerves

  • Cranial nerves are a set of 12 pairs of nerves originating from the brain.
  • These nerves transmit electrical impulses between the brain and the head, neck, and torso.
  • The cranial nerves are involved in various functions, including seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and feeling.

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