Exploring Signal Transduction Pathways
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a chemical messenger in cellular communication?

  • Ions
  • Light (correct)
  • Odorants
  • Steroid hormones
  • What is the role of cell surface receptors in cellular communication?

  • Diffuse across the plasma membrane
  • Receive and process external signals (correct)
  • Transduce hydrophobic messengers
  • Trigger secondary events
  • Which of the following is an example of a hydrophobic messenger in cellular communication?

  • Growth factors
  • Steroid hormones (correct)
  • Ions
  • Odorants
  • What is the purpose of intracellular signaling pathways in cellular communication?

    <p>Ensure tight control of cell response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells can directly communicate?

    <p>Interaction of a receptor with a ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of second messengers in cell signaling?

    <p>To amplify signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a second messenger cascade?

    <p>Increased intracellular concentration of cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ligands that activate the same signaling pathways in cells usually produce the same effect?

    <p>By interacting with distinct receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three ways intercellular communication can occur?

    <p>Intracrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in paracrine signaling at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>It degrades the neurotransmitter acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of extracellular signaling molecule?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are effectors in signal transduction?

    <p>Proteins that initiate a cellular response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in signaling between electrically excitable cells and results in transient opening of the channel when a neurotransmitter binds to it?

    <p>Ligand-gated ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor works indirectly through an intermediary called a G protein to activate or inactivate a separate membrane-associated enzyme or channel?

    <p>G protein-coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor, when activated by a ligand, can either be enzymes themselves or part of an enzymatic complex?

    <p>Catalytic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor, located in the cytosol or nucleus, is ligand-activated and links extracellular signals to gene transcription?

    <p>Nuclear receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of ligand binding to a receptor?

    <p>Inhibition of protein kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gap junctions in cell-to-cell communication?

    <p>Facilitate the passage of inorganic ions and small molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about adhering junctions?

    <p>They provide important clues for the maintenance of normal cell architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tight junctions in the diffusion barrier?

    <p>They stabilize the complex and have a signaling role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of ligand-gated ion channels?

    <p>They are activated by binding of the signaling molecule to the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of G proteins in signal transduction?

    <p>They mediate cellular responses to a diverse array of signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?

    <p>They consist of a single polypeptide chain with seven membrane-spanning α-helical segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of heterotrimeric G proteins?

    <p>They interact with downstream effector proteins such as adenylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subunits of the βγ complex are involved in anchoring the complex to the membrane?

    <p>α and γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the α subunit to the membrane?

    <p>A myristyl or a palmitoyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the γ subunit to the membrane?

    <p>A prenyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many combinations of the known α, β, and γ subunits are there?

    <p>Several hundred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do G proteins link together?

    <p>Receptors and effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the multiple classes of G proteins suited for?

    <p>Linking receptors to effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

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