Causes and consequences of Heart Failure

<p>The stretch of myocardium or end-diastolic volume of the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allows the release of renin which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone increases sodium retention and potassium loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurohormonal Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevention of progression with neurohormonal blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resynchronization pacing and LV and RV assist devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACE inhibitors, beta adrenergic blockers, and aldosterone antagonists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACORN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diuretics and digitalis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases heart rate (chronotropic effect) and increases the force of the contractions (inotropic effect). This leads to more blood being pumped which causes an increase in cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases heart rate (chronotropic effect) and increases the force of the contractions (inotropic effect). This leads to more blood being pumped which causes an increase in cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phase when the heart muscle relaxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phase when the heart muscle contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heart's main pumping chamber becomes stiff and unable to fill properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An intrinsic cardiac mechanism that adjusts contractility based on the amount of returning venous blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Force of contraction increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frank-Starling Mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The muscle contracts with a greater force</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Length-tension relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alter its contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Force and pressure development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular calcium flux</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenergic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ca++ blocker and Electrolyte imbalance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noradrenaline and thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elongation of non-infarcted segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eccentric hypertrophy of the myocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adverse cardiac remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac stimulation (chronotropic and inotropic effects), peripheral vasoconstriction, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They become down-regulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic arterial vasoconstriction increases myocardial workload and energy requirements, leading to adverse cardiac remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The higher the plasma norepinephrine level, the worse the prognosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fourth heart sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiomegaly, raised JVP (jugular venous pressure)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Third and fourth heart sound may be audible</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnoea on exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oedema (peripheral)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary venous hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orthopnoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haemodynamic Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contractility of the ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The “load” against which the heart must contract to eject blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac stimulation and peripheral vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, orthopnea, cardiomegaly, oedema, pulmonary venous hypertension, raised JVP, and third or fourth heart sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guidance for the treatment of heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition where the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preload is the stretch of myocardium or end-diastolic volume of the ventricles, while afterload is the force opposing fiber shortening during ventricular ejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of the sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lifestyle changes, medication, and surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers