Exploring Early Earth's Ecosystems
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Questions and Answers

Which domain of microorganisms is the main group to thrive in extreme environments?

  • Protozoa
  • Algae
  • Archaea (correct)
  • Bacteria

    • What is the highest recorded temperature at which the Methanopyrus kandleri strain 116 can grow?

  • 252 F (correct)
  • Antarctic ice
  • 0.6 pH
  • 112 hUk C

    • Which group of microorganisms is best adapted to various extreme conditions?

  • Cyanobacteria (correct)
  • Archaea
  • Protozoa
  • Algae

    • Which type of microorganism includes the most acidophilic organisms currently known?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of extremophiles requires one or more extreme conditions in order to grow?

    <p>Extremophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of extremophiles tolerate extreme values of one or more physiochemical parameters through growing optimally at 'normal' conditions?

    <p>Extremotolerant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganism is optimally adapted to acidic pH values?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum contains primarily phototrophic bacteria that can utilize sulfur compounds, iron, or hydrogen as electron donors?

    <p>Phylum Chlorobi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum is known for containing pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and E.coli?

    <p>Phylum Proteobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum includes filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs that exhibit gliding motility and flexing?

    <p>Phylum Chloroflexi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum is capable of both photoheterotrophic growth in the light and chemoheterotrophic growth in the dark?

    <p>Phylum Firmicutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum is the 6th known phylum to carry out photosynthesis, with recent discovery of Chloracidoacterium thermophilum?

    <p>Phylum Acidobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum contains primarily phototrophic bacteria that have a complex of proteins in which energy from the sun is converted in a series of electron transfer reactions?

    <p>Phylum Cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum contains primarily phototrophic bacteria that have Type 2 reaction centers and use quinones as terminal electron acceptors?

    <p>Phylum Chlorobi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms is known for their ability to live in extreme temperatures and utilize hydrogen as a substrate?

    <p>Aquificae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of the symbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants?

    <p>Provides nitrogen in usable form for plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms is known for their extreme polyploidy and coordinated release of DNA from dying cells?

    <p>Epulopiscium spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms is known for their ability to live in highly acidic environments and participate in biogeochemical cycling of sulfur and sulfide metals?

    <p>Ferroplasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms is known for their production of large amounts of methane under anaerobic conditions?

    <p>Methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms is known for their ability to live in hypersaline environments and have pigments similar to those found in humans?

    <p>Halophilic Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms is known for their ability to oxidize methane and prevent its release to the atmosphere?

    <p>Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea or bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms contains flagellated, unicellular organisms that have two nuclei and mitosomes?

    <p>Diplomonads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms contains organisms that produce ATP through fermentation reactions resulting in the production of H2 and acetate?

    <p>Parabasalids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms contains flagellated protists including free-living, symbiotic, and parasitic species, with Trypanosoma sp. being a causative agent of trypanosomiasis?

    <p>Euglenozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms contains organisms that have sacs in the cytoplasmic membrane called alveoli, and include dinoflagellates that cause red tide and are highly beneficial as zooxanthellae symbionts of corals?

    <p>Alveolates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms contains organisms that have tubular cristae in their mitochondria and heterokont flagella at some point in their life cycle?

    <p>Stramenophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms contains organisms with an external silica structure (frustule) resistant to decay and an important part of the geologic record as fossils?

    <p>Radiolarians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms contains organisms that are morphologically diverse amoebae, including slime molds and loose amoeba?

    <p>Amoebozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of fungi contains members that display a single, posterior flagellum at some point in their life cycle?

    <p>Zooosporic Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of fungi includes club fungi named after their basidium that produces basidiospores and includes important plant pathogens called smuts and rusts?

    <p>Basidiomycota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate age of Earth based on analysis of radioactive isotopes?

    <p>4.5 BYA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Earth devoid of life in its early years?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Earth become anoxic?

    <p>2.5 BYA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for life on Earth?

    <p>Liquid water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did water on Earth originate from?

    <p>Volcanic outgassing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oldest known mineral formed in the Hadean eon?

    <p>Jack Hills Zircon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ancient zircon crystals provide evidence for?

    <p>Life existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Earth's oldest surviving sedimentary rocks found?

    <p>Greenland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the subsurface hypothesis, where did life originate?

    <p>Ocean floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely site for the origin of life on Earth?

    <p>Hydrothermal vents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential role of mineral pores in the origin of life?

    <p>Forming precipitates of Fe and S compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the RNA World Hypothesis, what were the critical capacities of the earliest RNA molecules?

    <p>Ability for template-based self-replication and an ability to catalyze other reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lipid bilayer in early life forms?

    <p>Site of electron transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)?

    <p>Lived in a high temperature environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of horizontal gene transfer in early forms of life?

    <p>Allowed rapid transfer of beneficial genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis suggests that the formation of cells came first in the origin of life?

    <p>Metabolism-First Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process involved in oxygenic photosynthesis?

    <p>Conversion of CO2 to O2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event resulted in the production of an aerobic atmosphere on Earth?

    <p>The Great Oxidation Event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of microorganisms is best adapted to extreme conditions?

    <p>Hyperthermophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of fossils in understanding the evolution of microorganisms?

    <p>Understanding the evolution of plants and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms is responsible for the formation of stromatolites?

    <p>Cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hopanoids and steranes derivatives of?

    <p>Hopanoids are derivatives of sterols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis suggests that the organelles of eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells through endosymbiosis?

    <p>Serial endosymbiosis hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the serial endosymbiosis hypothesis, which organelle in eukaryotic cells originated from a bacterial ancestor?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process involved in oxygenic photosynthesis?

    <p>Conversion of CO2 to O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the RNA World Hypothesis, what were the critical capacities of the earliest RNA molecules?

    <p>Self-replication and catalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of microorganisms is best adapted to extreme conditions?

    <p>Extremophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum contains primarily phototrophic bacteria with Type 2 reaction centers?

    <p>Cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate age range when stromatolites were diverse and common on Earth?

    <p>2.8 to 1 billion years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of the symbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants?

    <p>Increased nitrogen availability for plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

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