Exploring Chemical Reaction Types

• Chemical reactions involve substances called reactants transforming into new substances called products.
• Studied chemical reactions encompass combination, neutralization, combustion, and precipitation.

Chemical Reaction Types

• Neutralization occurs when acids and bases react to form water and a salt.
• Precipitation happens when combining two clear solutions results in a solid forming.
• Combination is when substances join to make something bigger, like rust forming from oxygen and iron.
• Combustion is a reaction that produces heat and light, similar to a candle burning.
• Decomposition breaks down compounds into simpler substances.

Combination Reactions

• Combination reactions are when two or more substances merge to form a single substance.
• Heating iron and sulfur together causes them to combine into iron sulfide, showcasing a combination reaction.
• Some combination reactions release energy, like when magnesium burns in air and emits bright light.
• Combination reactions are important for the formation of compounds in bodies and in manufacturing.

Neutralization Reactions

• Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base that results in salt and water.
• Acids taste sour and can corrode; examples include lemon juice and vinegar.
• Bases, opposites to acids, are slippery and found in baking soda.
• Acids and bases neutralize each other when combined.
• Post-neutralization, the acid loses its acidity, and the base loses its basicity, leading to a neutral salt and water and is important in everyday processes.
• A common acid is hydrochloric acid (HCl).
• Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is a common acid.
• Nitric acid (HNO3) is a common acid.
• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or caustic soda, is a common base.
• A solution of ammonia in water (NH4OH) is a common base.
• Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 or builders' lime) is a common base.

Combustion Reactions

• Combustion occurs when a substance (usually a fuel) combines with oxygen to release energy as light and heat.
• Carbon dioxide and water are produced in combustion when the fuel is pure.
• Impurities in the fuel may lead to other products like smoke or soot.
• Complete combustion happens when plenty of oxygen is available, producing CO2 and H2O.
• Incomplete combustion happens when insufficient oxygen is available, and CO and H2O are the products.

Precipitation Reactions

• Precipitation occurs when mixing two solutions containing soluble salts results in creating an insoluble solid called a precipitate.
• The precipitate is the solid formed, often with a distinct color from the liquid mixture.
• Solubility rules determine whether compounds are soluble or insoluble.
• Prediction of precipitation is important in environmental science, such as for pollutant removal from water.
• Nitrates are generally soluble.
• Chlorides are generally soluble except for silver chloride (AgCl) and lead chloride (PbCl2).
• Sulfates are generally soluble except for barium sulfate (BaSO4), lead sulfate (PbSO4), and calcium sulfate (CaSO4).
• Hydroxides are generally insoluble except for potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
• Carbonates are generally insoluble except for potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3).

More Details About Bases:

• Metal oxides, such as copper oxide, are bases.
• Metal hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide, are bases.
• Metal carbonates, such as calcium carbonate, are bases.
• When a metal oxide or metal hydroxide is a base you get acid + base -> salt + water.
• When a metal carbonate is a base: acid + base -> salt + water + carbon dioxide.