Explore the World of Interference Filters
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Questions and Answers

Which type of photometer uses optical filters to isolate a narrow wavelength range of spectrum?

  • Reflected
  • Transmitted (correct)
  • Emitted
  • Absorbed

    • What is the purpose of a spectrophotometer?

  • To determine the amount of a compound present in a solution (correct)
  • To provide monochromatic light
  • To isolate specific wavelengths of light
  • To measure the luminous intensity of light

    • In which regions of the spectrum does laboratory spectrophotometry typically involve light?

  • Infrared and visible regions (290-800nm)
  • Ultraviolet and infrared regions (290-800nm)
  • Ultraviolet and visible regions (290-800nm) (correct)
  • Visible and microwave regions (290-800nm)

    • Which type of detector is 200 times more sensitive than the phototube?

    <p>PMT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'blanking the instrument' refer to?

    <p>Removing unwanted readings from the regent or the sample (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which check should be performed to ensure the wavelength indicated on the control dial is the actual wavelength of light passed by the monochromator?

    <p>Wavelength accuracy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Beer's Law, which of the following conditions can cause a deviation from linearity of the absorbance versus concentration curve?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a limitation of Beer's Law?

    <p>Fluorescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a spectrophotometer is responsible for measuring the amount of light transmittance?

    <p>Detector (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of light source provides intense radiation of a narrow wavelength?

    <p>Laser (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of filter produces monochromatic light based on the principle of constructive interference of waves?

    <p>Interference Filters (Fabry-Perot) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of filter offers linear dispersion of light over the entire UV and visible range?

    <p>Gratings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of filter gives a non-linear separation of bands and requires several wavelengths to be measured for proper wavelength calibration?

    <p>Prisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bandpass of a monochromator?

    <p>The range of wavelengths transmitted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cuvette is optimal for spectrophotometry due to its plane-parallel optical surfaces and less error from the lens effect, orientation, and refraction?

    <p>Square cuvettes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects the sensitivity of spectrophotometry by increasing the sample size?

    <p>Sample volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of detector in spectrophotometry is 200 times more sensitive than a phototube and is used in instruments that are very sensitive to very low light levels?

    <p>Photomultiplier tube (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a detector in spectrophotometry?

    <p>To convert the transmitted radiation energy into an equivalent amount of electric energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Beer's Law, which of the following is true about the relationship between absorbance and concentration?

    <p>Absorbance and concentration are directly proportional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mathematical relationship between absorbance (A), molar absorptivity (ε), concentration (c), and light path (b) according to Beer's Law?

    <p>A = εbc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between wavelength and energy according to Planck's formula?

    <p>Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a blank or reference solution in absorption spectroscopy?

    <p>To eliminate factors such as reflection and solvent absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of filter offers linear dispersion of light over the entire UV and visible range?

    <p>Gratings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of filter gives a non-linear separation of bands and requires several wavelengths to be measured for proper wavelength calibration?

    <p>Prisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bandpass of a monochromator?

    <p>The range of wavelengths transmitted by the monochromator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors determine the bandpass of a monochromator?

    <p>The light intensity output of the source and the efficiency of the system to isolate wavelength bands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of detector in spectrophotometry is 200 times more sensitive than a phototube and is used in instruments that are very sensitive to very low light levels?

    <p>PMT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a spectrophotometer?

    <p>To detect and measure the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a sample (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which check should be performed to ensure the wavelength indicated on the control dial is the actual wavelength of light passed by the monochromator?

    <p>Wavelength accuracy check (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct definition of photometry?

    <p>The measurement of the luminous intensity of light or the amount of luminous light falling on a surface from a specific source (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of instrument is used to indirectly determine the amount of a compound present in a solution by shining a light of a specific wavelength through the solution and measuring how much was absorbed?

    <p>Spectrophotometer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mathematical relationship between absorbance (A), molar absorptivity (ε), concentration (c), and light path (b) according to Beer's Law?

    <p>A = εbc (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause a deviation from Beer's Law, resulting in variations from linearity of the absorbance versus concentration curve?

    <p>Very low concentrations are measured (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of light source in spectrophotometry provides intense radiation of a narrow wavelength?

    <p>Laser (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of filter in spectrophotometry produces monochromatic light based on the principle of constructive interference of waves?

    <p>Grating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mathematical relationship between absorbance (A), molar absorptivity (ε), concentration (c), and light path (b) according to Beer's Law?

    <p>A = εbc (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cuvette is recommended for spectrophotometry due to its plane-parallel optical surfaces and less error from the lens effect, orientation, and refraction?

    <p>Square cuvette (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using a photomultiplier tube (PMT) as a detector in spectrophotometry?

    <p>It is more sensitive to low light levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of detector in spectrophotometry generates its own electromotive force and does not require an external voltage source?

    <p>Barrier layer cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects the sensitivity of spectrophotometry by increasing the sample size?

    <p>Sample volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Beer's Law, which of the following is true about the relationship between absorbance and concentration?

    <p>Absorbance is directly proportional to concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mathematical relationship between absorbance (A), molar absorptivity (ε), concentration (c), and light path (b) according to Beer's Law?

    <p>A = εbc (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a blank or reference solution in absorption spectroscopy?

    <p>To eliminate the contribution of the solvent and other factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between wavelength and energy according to Planck's formula?

    <p>Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about electrochemical potential?

    <p>It is the force required to move electrons in a chemical reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a salt bridge in electrochemistry?

    <p>To maintain equilibrium between the two electrodes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal is more electronegative in the redox couple of Zinc and Copper?

    <p>Zinc (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an application of potentiometry?

    <p>Measurement of glucose in serum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of potentiometric techniques that measures the desired analyte(s)?

    <p>Indicator electrode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane is commonly used in ion-selective electrodes (ISEs)?

    <p>Polymer membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a pO2 electrode in clinical chemistry?

    <p>Measurement of oxygen concentration in whole blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of mass spectrometry?

    <p>To identify and determine the elemental composition and structure of compounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a mass spectrometer measure?

    <p>The mass-to-charge ratio of ionized molecules and their fragments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a molecule that enters a mass spectrometer without a charge?

    <p>It is ionized and given a charge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ionization method uses a corona discharge needle to initiate gas phase reactions that ionize compounds through a series of ion molecule reactions?

    <p>APCI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ionization method is considered 'hard' and fragments molecules to pure atoms at the atomic level?

    <p>ICP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ionization method uses a laser energy absorbing matrix to create ions?

    <p>MALDI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mass analyzer is most commonly used and allows only ions of a single selected m/z value to pass through to the detector?

    <p>Quadrupole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is required in all mass spectrometers to prevent ions from colliding with each other or other molecules during analysis?

    <p>Vacuum system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unfragmented ion called when a molecular ion breaks into smaller pieces?

    <p>Molecular ion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ionization technique in mass spectrometry results in the mass spectrum being dominated by fragment ions?

    <p>Electron Ionization (EI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ionization technique in mass spectrometry results in very little fragmentation during the process?

    <p>Chemical Ionization (CI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry?

    <p>TOF is used for the analysis of biomolecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of MALDI-TOF in microbiology?

    <p>To identify pathogenic bacteria and fungi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the time of flight (TOF) in a mass spectrometer vary with the mass of the ions?

    <p>Larger ions require more time to reach the detector (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of instrument is commonly used for drug screening applications and can measure large numbers of analytes simultaneously in complex biological matrices?

    <p>Triple quad (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the second quadrupole (Q2) in a triple quad instrument?

    <p>To collide the sample with neutral gas and fragment the ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass spectrometry instrument is capable of identifying genetic diseases and diseases with proteins, and is often used in proteomics research?

    <p>High-resolution mass spec (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an electron multiplier in a mass spectrometer detector?

    <p>To amplify the overall signal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromatography uses gas as the mobile phase?

    <p>Gas Chromatography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the stationary phase in gas-solid chromatography?

    <p>To retain chemicals by adsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of gas-liquid chromatography?

    <p>Column bleed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of liquid is commonly used as the stationary phase in partition chromatography?

    <p>Polar liquid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of affinity chromatography?

    <p>To separate analytes based on biologically related interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common material used for packing in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)?

    <p>Silica gel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of detector is commonly used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to monitor the eluate?

    <p>Photodiode array (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromatography uses a liquid mobile phase and a solid stationary phase?

    <p>Liquid chromatography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromatography uses a gas mobile phase and a solid stationary phase?

    <p>Gas chromatography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of retention in thin-layer chromatography?

    <p>Distance compounds have traveled in a given amount of time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromatography is primarily used for qualitative analysis?

    <p>Planar chromatography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromatography is considered the gold standard for most testing due to its high sensitivity and specificity?

    <p>Liquid Chromatography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the average time or volume that is required for a chemical to pass through the column in chromatography?

    <p>Retention time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase in chromatography carries the sample components and travels through the system?

    <p>Mobile phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a chromatograph in chromatography?

    <p>To provide a response related to the amount of a compound exiting from a column (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical application of osmometry?

    <p>Analyzing osmolality in urine, plasma, and serum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osmolality?

    <p>The concentration of solute particles relative to the mass of the solvent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical properties of a solution are measured in osmometry?

    <p>Colligative properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a colligative property affected by the addition of a solute to a solvent?

    <p>Elevation in the osmotic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of osmometry in a medical laboratory?

    <p>To assess fluid and electrolyte balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the major contributor to serum osmolality?

    <p>Na+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate serum osmolality in SI units?

    <p>2(Na mmol/L) + Glucose (mmol/L) + Urea (mmol/L) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of laboratory automation?

    <p>Increased production of results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the transport of a quantity of analyte or reagent from one specimen reaction into and contaminating a subsequent one?

    <p>Carry-over (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chemistry analyzer uses continuous flow and pumps reagent non-stop through large amounts of plastic tubing?

    <p>Continuous Flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of automation is responsible for determining which tests need to be performed on a specimen?

    <p>Instrument interfaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of specimen delivery should NOT be used for stat or irreplaceable specimens?

    <p>Pneumatic tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of handling specimens is one of the most error-prone?

    <p>Preanalytical phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of devices are commonly used for point-of-care testing (POCT)?

    <p>Handheld or benchtop devices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of using a batch analyzer?

    <p>It can only run one test at a time for many specimens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using a random access analyzer?

    <p>Each specimen and its reagents are independent of other specimens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bar-coding in automated analyzers?

    <p>To prevent clerical errors in entering patient data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of laboratory information systems (LISs)?

    <p>To report results and manage QC data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the overall stability of an antibody-antigen complex, based on affinity, the number of binding sites available, and the way the two molecules combine?

    <p>Avidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antigen has the strongest avidity due to having more binding sites?

    <p>IgM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the zone in a precipitation curve where there is an excess of antibodies?

    <p>Prozone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoassay requires a separation step to physically separate free from bound analyte?

    <p>Heterogeneous immunoassay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which zone of antigen excess is there a gradual decrease in the amount of precipitation until finally no precipitation is observed?

    <p>Postzone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which particle method is a passive diffusion method in which a concentration gradient is established for a single reactant, usually the antigen?

    <p>Radial Immunodiffusion (RID) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which label method uses radioactive isotopes of iodine and tritium as labels?

    <p>Radioimmunoassay (RIA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoassay technique uses a chemiluminescent compound to detect analytes?

    <p>Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoassay technique is a non-competitive sandwich assay?

    <p>Sandwich immunoassay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoassay technique uses fluorescence to measure the concentration of analytes?

    <p>Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common error seen in sandwich immunoassays at very high antigen concentrations?

    <p>High-Dose Hook Effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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