Experimental Method in Science

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Questions and Answers

What is a key advantage of using the experimental method in research?

It relies on subjective observations.

It minimizes personal biases. (correct)

It focuses only on qualitative measures.

It eliminates the need for replication.

Experiments can be conducted in real-world settings without any constraints.

False

Name one historical experiment that has been replicated to confirm findings on authority and obedience.

Milgram’s obedience experiments

In studies examining the effects of exercise, precise instruments like __________ provide measurable results.

heart rate monitors Signup and view all the answers

Match the following experiments with their contributions to scientific theories:

Pavlov’s Experiment = Understanding of associative learning Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment = Social learning theory Vaccine Efficacy Tests = Theories on immunity and disease prevention Milgram’s Experiments = Authority and obedience Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that advance planning can enhance research?

It avoids delays in obtaining equipment or engaging staff. Signup and view all the answers

Using informal experimental designs typically involves rigorous control and randomization.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable in an experiment studying the effects of sleep on memory retention?

sleep duration Signup and view all the answers

In the before and after without control design, participants are observed __________ an intervention.

before and after Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research designs to their descriptions:

Before and After Without Control Design = Observes the same group before and after treatment without a control group. Experimental Design = Structures the hypothesis, variables, and analysis methods. Informal Experimental Design = Simpler approaches with less rigorous controls. Formal Experimental Design = Maintains strict control and randomization in experiments. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of the experimental method regarding causation?

It helps establish cause-and-effect relationships. Signup and view all the answers

The experimental method does not allow for controlling extraneous variables.

False Signup and view all the answers

What ensures the replicability of an experiment?

Clear procedures and controls Signup and view all the answers

In a caffeine experiment, the _____ group is given a placebo.

control Signup and view all the answers

Match the following experimental examples to their advantages:

Caffeine and alertness = Establishes cause-and-effect relationships Study environment and memory = Control over variables Pavlov's dogs = Replicability Clinical trial for migraines = Control over variables Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Experimental Method

The experimental method is a significant tool in science for understanding cause-and-effect relationships. It involves manipulating variables under controlled conditions.
An experiment is an investigation where a hypothesis is tested. The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, and the dependent variable is measured to observe its response.
Extraneous variables are controlled to prevent them from influencing the outcome.

Key Features of the Experimental Method

Control Over Variables: External factors (extraneous variables) are controlled to not interfere with results. For example, in a new teaching method experiment, prior knowledge, age, and classroom environment are kept consistent for participants.
Careful Measurement: Accurate and precise measurement of outcomes is important for valid results. Using a stopwatch to time a reaction-time task is an example.
Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships: Researchers infer causal links by manipulating the independent variable and observing its effect on the dependent variable. An example is testing if sunlight exposure affects plant growth.
Use of Experimental and Control Groups: The experimental group receives the independent variable treatment, and the control group does not. This comparison helps determine the effect of the variable.

Variables in Experiments

A variable is any concept or factor that can take on different values. These can be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative (categories).
Independent Variable (IV): The variable manipulated by the experimenter. It is assumed to impact the dependent variable. e.g., drug dose.
Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that is measured by the experimenter. It is the outcome or effect of the experiment. e.g., memory performance.
Extraneous Variable: A variable that isn't the focus of the study but could affect the dependent variable. e.g., sleep levels.
Confounded Relationship: This occurs when the dependent variable is influenced by an extraneous variable, making it unclear if the independent variable is the true cause of the change. e.g., different study environments for students using flashcards or reading notes.

Types of Variables

Continuous Variable: A variable that can take any value within a given range, including decimals. e.g., height.
Discrete Variable: A variable that can only take on specific, whole values, not fractions. e.g., number of children in a family.

Control in Research

Control is necessary in research to manage the influence of extraneous variables on the dependent variable.
This ensures the independent variable is the only factor affecting the result.
Methods to achieve control include: randomization, matching participants based on similar characteristics, and standardization of conditions (e.g., lighting, temperature).

Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a predictive statement that proposes a relationship between variables.
It is a testable statement about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. e.g., Drug A improves memory performance.

Experimental Design

Experimental design is a structured plan for conducting research.
It ensures the methodology, data collection and analysis align with the research goals, while controlling for extraneous variables.
It helps to establish cause and effect relationships while ensuring research is consistent and reliable.

Types of Experiments

Laboratory Controlled Experiments: Conducted in a controlled environment where researchers have full control over variables. Example: Testing the effect of caffeine on memory in a lab setting.
Field Experiments: Conducted in natural settings with less control over extraneous variables. Example: Testing the effect of a new teaching method in different classrooms.
Natural Experiments: Observing naturally occurring events to examine their impact, without manipulating or changing any factors. Example: Studying the effects of a natural disaster on mental health.

Ethical Considerations in Research

Confidentiality: Protecting participant's privacy.
Voluntary Participation: Participants must freely consent and have the right to withdraw at any time.
Informed Consent: Participants must be informed about the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits.
Debriefing: Researchers explain the study afterward, including any deception used.
Protection of Participants: Ensuring psychological and physical well-being during the study.

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Description

This quiz covers the experimental method, a vital approach in scientific research used to establish cause-and-effect relationships. It explores key features such as control over variables, careful measurement, and the process of testing hypotheses. Dive in to test your understanding of this fundamental research method.